Question | Answer |
petechiae | collection of blood smaller than 3cm |
laceration | cut |
fissure | deep furrow |
contusion | bruise |
cyto/o | cell |
lip/o | fat (tumor) |
adip/o | fat (tissue) |
cutane/o | skin |
derm/o | skin |
biopsy | sample of |
trich/o | hair |
pil/o | hair |
scler/o | hard |
necr/o | death |
xer/o | dry |
myc/o | fungating |
kerat/o | hardening |
subcutaneous layer | holds vessels |
dermis | basement membrane (connective tissue) |
epidermis | outer layer (squamous or basal)
majority of tumors arise here |
onych/o | nail |
erg/o | working |
aer/o | air |
thec/o | membrane sheath (brain, spinal cord) |
contra | against |
anti | against |
-lytic | split/separate/reduce down |
-phylaxis | protection |
narc/o | stupor/ sleepiness |
Iatr/o | coming from treatment/physician |
Idi/o | myself |
pyr/o | fever inducing |
hypn/o | sleep |
-static | to stop |
-cidal | killing |
vit/o | life |
hist/o | tissue |
vas/o | vessel |
alesi/o | sensitivity to pain |
esthesi/o | feeling/ sensation |
ven/o | vein |
enter/o | small intestine |
lingu/o | tounge |
toxic/o | toxic |
chem/o | chemical/drug |
pharmac/o | drug |
diuretic | fluid loss/ increases urine production |
anaphylaxis | hypersensitive reaction to a drug or treatment |
contraindications | factor that prevents patient from having a particular drug |
estrogen | female sex hormone |
narcotic | relieves pain |
hypnotic | produces sleep |
glucocorticoids | hormones( from adrenal glands)-can be given
raises blood sugar |
emetic | brings on vomiting |
androgen | male sex hormone- suppresses prostate |
sedative | mild hypnotic |
myring/o | ear drum |
blemphar/o | eyelid |
acous/o | hearing |
retin/o | retina |
ot/o | ear |
opthalm/o | eye |
ocul/o | eye |
calc/o | calcium |
adren/o | adrenal glands |
scler/o | sclara of the eye |
thyroid/o | thyroid |
thym/o | thymus |
hydr/o | water |
myxedema | hyperthyroidism- adults
creatnism- kids |
gigantism | excessive growth hormone |
exophalthmos | bulging outward of the eye (proptosis) |
my/o | muscle |
myel/o | bone marrow/ spinal cord |
crani/o | skull |
cost/o | cartilage |
chondr/o | cartilage |
arthr/o | joint |
cervico/o | cervix |
vertebr/o | vertebrae |
thorac/o | thoracic |
tend/o | tendon |
pelv/l | pelvis |
oste/o | bone |
men/o | monthly |
mast/o | breast |
mamm/o | breast |
hyster/o | uterus |
gynec/o | reproductive |
vagin/o | vagina |
colp/o | opening to cervix |
orchi/o | testicles |
salping/o | fallopian tubes |
Oophor/o | ovaries |
test/o | testicle |
orchid/o | testicles |
crpytorchidism | UN-descended testicle |
benign
prostate
hypertrophy | BPH --> mimmicks prostate cancer
(prostate enlarges) |
endometriosis | cells from lining of uterus grow in other areas of the body |
ectopic pregnancy | implantation outside the fallopian tubes |
urin/o | urine |
pyel/o | renal pelvis |
urethr/o | urethra |
ureter/o | ureter |
ren/o | kidneys |
nephr/o | kidneys |
cyst/o | bladder |
py/o | puss |
noct/o | night |
lith/o | stone |
hemat/o | blood |
bacteri/o | bacteria |
cholecyst/o | gall bladder |
append/o | appendix |
uremia | renal failure
(buildup of urine in blood) |
cystitis | inflammation of the bladder |
esophag/o | esophagus |
enter/o | small bowel |
duoden/o | duodenum |
dent/o | teeth |
colon/o | colon |
pancreat/o | pancreas |
lapar/o | flank |
gloss/o | tongue |
jejun/o | jejunum (small bowel) |
ile/o | ileum (small bowel) |
hepat/o | liver |
gastr/o | stomach |
diverticulitis | inflammation of the diverticulum |
emesis | vomit |
cirrhosis | inflammation of the liver |
ascities | fluid buildup within abdomen (women with ovarian cancer) |
sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
rect/o | rectum |
proct/o | rectum |
laryng/o | larynx |
epiglott/o | epiglottis |
chondr/o | cartilage |
bronch/o | bronchus |
diverticulum | out-pouching of a hollow (or fluid filled) structure in the body |
CNS | central nervous system |
neur/o | nerve |
myel/o | spinal cord/ bone marrow |
mening/o | lining of the brain |
enceph/o | brain |
CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
CT | computed tomography |
CSF | cerebral spinal fluid |
epilepsy | recurring seizures |
sciatica | prostate cancer treatment |
MS | multiple sclorosis |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
EEG | electro encephalogram |
Ecchymosis | collection of blood larger than 3mm |
cyst | pocket of fluid |
cellulitis | wide spread cellular inflammation |
alopecia | hair loss |
abrasion | scratch |
vesicle | blister- (serous fluid) |
pustule | contains pus |
papule | pimple- (elevation) |
or/o | mouth |
naso/o | nose |
rhin/o | nose |
pharyng/o | pharynx |
stomat/o | opening/ a hole |
pneum/o | lungs (air in lungs) |
pleur/o | lungs |
hemothroax | blood in thoracic cavity/ lining of lungs |
orth/o | straightening |
muc/o | mucous |
trache/o | trachea |
thorac/o | chest |
pulmon/o | lungs |
hypertension | high blood pressure |
embolus | traveling clot |
aneuyrism | outpouching/ weakening |
pleural effusion | buildup within plueral cavity |
orthopnea | difficulty breathing while laying flat |
pneumothorax | air- fluid in cavity |
stridor | difficulty breathing/ cant catch breath
lungs aren't expanding |
aort/o | vessel |
vas/o | vessel |
angi/o | vessel |
aden/o | glandular |
lymphoma | malignancy of lymphatics |
myocardial infarction | heart attack |
ischemia | narrowing of artery |
hem/o | blood |
cardi/o | heart |
ather/o | plaque |
arteri/o | artery |
lymph/o | lymph |
sangui/o | blood |
adren/o | adrenals |
hemat/o | blood |
cerebr/o | brain |
ventricul/o | ventricle |
thromb/o | clot |
splen/o | spleen |
phleb/o | vein |
characteristics of a malignant neoplasm | undifferentiated
unencapsulated
metastatic
rapidly multiplying
invasive + infiltrative
anaplastic (don't have shape)
finger-like projections |
anaplasia | reverted back to primal state-
lacking form or shape (stem cell) |
dysplasia | abnormal look to it
doesn't mean cancer |
metaplasia | changing from one cell type to another
doesn't mean cancer |
hyperplasia | increase in size because of increase in cell # |
cumulation | toxicity of drug increases with each dose you take |
tolerance | increased uptake of that drug causes you to build a resistance to it |
idiosyncracy | any unexpected effect from a drug |
characteristics of a benign neoplasm | well differentiated (specialized, grown up)
encapsulated (enclosed by a membrane)
slow growing
non invasive
non metastatic |
complication | something unexpected occured |
potentiation (synergism) | mix 2 drugs and by mixing them they act upon each other to increase their efficiency (more than if used alone) |
additive | putting 2 drugs together- doesn't cause a greater effect- same affect as sum of both drugs |
chemotherapy | use of drugs in treatment of cancer and infectious disease |
toxicology | study of harmful effects of drugs on the body |
side effect | expected occurrence of a drug |
midsagittal | equally left and right |
parasagittal | anywhere left and right |
medicinal chemistry | new drug synthesis |
pharmacodynamics | drug effects on the body |
pharmacokinetics | drug concentration in tissues and blood measured over a period of time |
molecular pharmacology | interaction of drugs and components inside cell or cell surface |
trendelenburg | heads lower than feet |
decubitis | laying on back |
erect | standing upright |
coronal | split -> front and back |
sagittal | split -> left and right |
transverse | cut into body (axial) |
longitudinal | coronal or sagittal |
anterior | top of surface |
posterior | bottom of surface |
recumbent | to lay down |
supine | on back, face up |
prone | on belly, face down |
proximal | (use with extremities)
further away from trunk |
inferior | towards feet |
superior | towards head |
caudal | inferior-- towards feet |
cephalic | superior-- towards head |
proximal | (use with extremities)
closer to trunk |
organs | group of tissues with same function |
systems | group of organs working together |
spine sections + amounts | cervical- 7
thoracic- 12
lumbar- 5
saccrum- 3-5 fused |
lateral | outward from midline |
medial | midline |
primary language sources for radiation therapy | * Greek
* Latin |
secondary language sources for radiation therapy | * English
* French
* German
* other |
cells | smallest substance in body able to live on its own |
tissues | group of cells with same function |
transhepatic | involving direct injection (as of a radiopaque medium) into the bile ducts |
hypogastric | inferior to stomach |
endocrine glands | glands that secrete hormones into blood stream |
exocrime glands | glands of external secretion |
endocrinology | study of glands that secrete hormones |
psychiatry | treatment of the mind |
pathology | study of disease |
cardiology | study of the heart |
cerebrovascular accident | stroke |
encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
neurology | study of the nerves |
pediatrics | study of children |
radiology | study of x-rays and diagnostic imaging |
opthalmology | study of the eyes |
gateroenterology | study of the stomach and intestines |
-cyte | cell |
urology | study of the urinary tract |
gynecology | study of women and women's diseases |
hematology | study of the blood |
oncology | study of tumors |
nephrology | study of the kidneys |
-scope | instrument to visually examine |
-osis | abnormal condition |
-ectomy | removal/ excision/ resection |
-genic | pertaining to/ produced by |
-pathy | disease condition |
-tomy | incision/ cutting into |
-itis | inflammation |
sarcoma | malignant tumor of connective tissue or non-epithelial tissue |
-algia | pain |
-ion | process |
-emia | into the blood |
-gram | record |
thrombocyte | platlet: tiny bits of protoplasm found in the vertebrae blood: essential for blood clotting |
renal | of or relating to the kidneys |
nephrectomy | surgical removal of one or both kidneys |
osteotomy | surgical cutting of bone or removal of a piece of bone |
resection | surgical removal of a part or structure of an organ |
carcinogenic | having potential to cause cancer |
thromb/o | clotting |
onc/o | tumor |
opthalamoscopy | instrument to examine the eye |
oncology | study and treatment of tumors |
osteitis | inflammation of the substance of a bone |
psychosis | severe metal disorder in which though + emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality |
psych/o | mind |
ur/o | urinary tract |
oste/o | bone |
radi/o | x-ray |
ren/o | kidney |
path/o | disease |
opthalm/o | eye |
sect/o | to cut |
rhin/o | nose |
sarc/o | flesh |
nephorology | study of kidneys |
erythrocytes | red blood cells |
hematoma | mass of blood |
bioposy | process of viewing living tissue |
neuopathy | pain on nerves |
opthalmoscopy | visual examining of the eye |
enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
arthroscopy | minimally invasive surgery to repair a damaged joint |
cytology | branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of cells |
leukocyte | white blood cell |
gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
Iatrogenic | coming from treatment or physician |
cardiology | branch of medicine that deals with disease and abnormalities of the heart |
electroencephalogram | test or record of brain activity produced by electroencephalography |
dermatitis | inflammation of the skin |
biopsy | examination of tissue removed from the living body to discover the presence, cause or extent of disease |
adenitis | inflammation of a gland or lymph node |
cephalic | of, or relating to the head |
carcinoma | cancer arising from epithelial tissue of skin or the lining of internal organs |
cytoscopy | endoscopy of bladder via the urethra |
electrocardiogram | EEG-- record or display of a persons heartbeat produced by electrocadiography |
-ic | of the kind of, having the characteristic of, pertaining to |
-al | of the kind of, having the characteristic of, pertaining to |
-scopy | observation or visual examination |
-oma | tumor |
cerebral | of the cerebrum of the brain |
enceohal/o | brain |
arthr/o | joint |
electr/o | electric |
-opsy | medical examination |
-logy | science or study of |
-gram | write or record |
-itis | inflammation |
bi/o | life |
cerebr/o | brain or spinal cord |
derm/o | skin |
dermat/o | skin |
cephal/o | head |
root of a word | foundation of a word |
suffix of a word | word ending |
prefix of a word | word beginning |
carcin/o | cancer |
aden/o | gland |
cyst/o | bladder |
purgative | strong cathardic |
barbituate | sedative/ hypnotic |
antihistamine | blocks histamine production |
antidote | combats unwanted side effects from a drug |
antiarrythymic | any drug impacting rhythm of heart |
cathartic | relieves constipation |
cadiotonic | promotes efficiency of heart |
beta-blockers | blocks epinephrine in muscle of heart |
VPB (chemotherapy regiment) | * vinblastine
* cisplatin
* bleomyclin |
*CMF (chemotherapy regiment) | * cytoxin
* methotrexate
* 5-FU |
COP (chemotherapy regiment) | * Cytoxin
* oncovin
* prednisone |
POMP (chemotherapy regiment) | * prednisone
* oncovin
* methotrexate
* 6- mercaptopurine |
*MOPP (chemotherapy regiment) | * meclorthamine (nitrogen mustard)
* oncovin
* prednisone
* procarbozine |
papillary | forming finger-like projections/ nipple like
(bladder) |
verrucous | wart-like in appearance |
pleomorphic | composed of many cell types (mixed cell tumors) |
nodular | cells tightly packed together |
antimetabolite | (example of a cytotoxic agent)
* stops enzyme production |
medullary | large, fleshy-like tumor |
serous | filled with serous fluid (blister) |
mucinous | filled with mucous |
bone marrow aspiration | to remove bone marrow wither for testing or to be replaced (taken from iliac crest) |
endoscopic resection | going in with an endoscope and taking a sample out |
lapartomy | opening up abdomen (second look procedure) |
lumbar puncture | removing spinal fluid from subarachnoid space |
cytotoxic agent | any agent that's cell killing |
alkylating agents | (example of cytotoxic agent)
destroys DNA molecule
most toxic for chemo
(GI issues + hair loss) |
scirrhous | hard, densely packed tissue |
spontaneous regression | revert back to normal |
cytological examination | looking at cells under microscope |
serology | scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids |
alpha-fetoprotein | AFP- liver-germ cell (plasma protein) |
carcinoembryonic antigen test | CEA- serology study |
latent period | period of time from when exposed to substance or agent until disease or cancer arises |
muticentric | having many centers; characteristic of malignancy |
remission | to abate; symptoms stop |
carcinogenic | anything the creates/ causes cancer |
differentiation | process by which stem cells grow up to be adult cells |
disseminated | to spread- metastisize |
dormant | currently not active |
in situ | hasn't penetrated the basement membrane (To for TNM system) |
abdominal bath | specific way to irradiate the abdomen using a radionuclide
* gas
*liquid (usually) -> phosphorus 32 |
Arc rotation | treatment with beam on while the gantry rotates around patient
* 360 degrees
* 120 degrees |
astrocytoma (glial cells) | brain tumor. most commonly for a primary. grows rapidly, so treat with surgery 1st. patient is also on steroids. true multi-modality treatment. |
attenuation | absorbing ability of a material |
transmission/penetration | ability of beam to travel through something |
bite block | head and neck immobilization |
bolus | tissue equivalent (same atomic #)
* fill a deficient/divet to make flat surface
* to bring beam anterior |
cerrobend (lipowitz metal) | lead alloy consisting of: bismuth, lead, tin, cadium |
custom blocks (divergent blocks) | must attenuate 95% of beam |
field (aka port) | area of treatment |
hyperthermia | use of heat to treat/ablait it
* ultrasound
* hot water bath |
immobilization devices | any device that assists patient in holding a position |
isocenter (100 SAD) | center of treatment and machine rotation |
isodose curves | lines of equal percentage |
kaposi's sarcoma | malignancy associated with HIV virus
(connective tissue cancer) |
keloid | benign scar tissue |
lasers | used for patient positioning and setup |
separation | inter-field distance (thickness) can tell you SSD if at midpoint |
wedges | alter beam and dose distribution; flatter inhomogenous surface
thick end- heel
thin end- toe |
weighting | radiation dose delivery- way to alter dose- don't have to equal distribution for each angle |
NED | no evidence of disease |
split course | rest period can be planned or unplanned |
roentgen | ionizations in air(R) |
RAD | radiation absorbed dose
si unit: Cgy |
REM | radiaiton equivalent man--radiation protection |
curie | radioactivity--brachytherapy |
axilla | latin for armpit |
bleopharo, bleophar | eyelid or eyelash |
bucca | latin for cheek |
canthus | angle at either end of the slit between the eyelids |
cephalo | relating to the head |
cervix | latin for neck or neck-like part |
cheilo | greek for lip |
corium | latin for true skin |
cubitus | latin for elbow, but mainly used to refer to forearm |
cutis | latin for skin |
dorsum | latin for back |
gingiva | gum |
glosso | tongue |
inguen | latin for groin |
labio | lip, especially lip of mouth |
laparo | loin or flank, sometimes used loosely to refer to abdomen |
latus, latero | latin for side |
lingua | latin for tongue |
mamma | latin for breast, or mammary gland |
masto, mast | breast |
naris | latin for one of the openings to the nasal cavity |
oculo | eye |
odonto | tooth or teeth |
oma | shoulder |
omphalo | navel (umbilicus) |
ora | latin for mouth |
oto | ear |
palpebra | latin for eyelid |
stomato, stoma | mouth |
adeno | gland |
adreno | adrenal gland |
angio, angi | vessel, usually a blood vessel |
arterio | artery |
auriculo | ear shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart; the pinna or flap of the ear |
bronchi,broncho | bronchus |
cerebello | cerebellum, a part of the brain |
cerebro | cerebrum, a part of the brain |
colp | vagina |
corpus | latin for body or main part of any organ, or a mass of specialized tissue |
cysto | bladder or sac most often used in reference to the urinary bladder, but also in connection with the gall bladder |
glio | neuroglia, the supporting substance of the nervous system |
kerato | cornea, or horny tissue |
metra, metro | uterus |
myelo | bone marrow or spinal cord |
myringo | eardrum |
Oophoro | ovary |
orchio, orchi, orchid | testicle |
Os | latin for bone, also a term for mouth or any orifice of the body |
salplingo | fallopian tube or eustachian tube |
-centesis | puncture, perforate |
-clas | smash, break |
-duct | draw |
-dynia | pain |
-edema | swell |
-geno
-genesis | produce, origin |
-lysis | breaking up, dissolving |
morph, morpho | form |
-pep | digest |
-phag
-phago | eat |
-phas | speak, utter |
-plas | form, grow |
-plegia | paralyze |
-pne
-pneo | breath |
-poie | make |
-rrhea | flow, discharge |
-scope | examine |
-stasis | stop, stand still |
-staxis | drop |
-therap | treat, cure |
-troph
-tropho | nourish |
-cryto | hidden, concealed |
-diplo | double, twice |
dys | difficult, bad, disordered, painful |
gravid | heavy |
hydro- | wet, water |
iso- | equal |
leio- | smooth |
mal | bad |
megalo- | huge |
meso- | middle, mid |
multi- | many, much |
necro- | dead |
neo- | new |
ortho- | straight, normal, correct |
pleo- | more |
poly- | many, much |
pseudo- | false, spurious |
sclero- | hard |
steno- | narrow |
xero- | dry |
A/an | without |
ad | up, toward, near to |
anti | against, opposed to, reversed |
bi | twice, double |
cata | down, under, lower, against |
com, con | with, together |
contra | against, opposite |
dia | between, through, apart, across, completely |
dis | reversal, apart from, separation |
E, ex | out,away from |
ec | out from |
ecto | on outer side, situated on |
em, en | in |
endo | within |
epi | upon, on |
exo | upon, on, outside, on outer side, outer layer |
extra | outside |
hyper | excessive, over, above |
hypo | under, below, deficent |
infra | below |
inter | between |
meta | beyond, after, change |
para | beside, beyond, near to |
per | through, excessive |
post | after, behind |
pre, pro | before, in front of |
sub | under |
supra | above, upon |
trans | across, through, beyond |
append | appendix: blind pouch |
arterio | artery (carrying blood away from heart) |
arthro | joint |
cardio | heart |
cholecysto | gallbladder |
colo | large intestine |
cranio | skull |
encephalo | brain |
gastro | stomach |
laparo | abdominal wall |
leuko | white |
myelo | spinal cord, bone marrow |
thoraco | chest or rib cage |
tracheo | windpipe |
ectomy | to remove part of |
emia | blood |
esthesia | without feeling |
graph | the machine |
graphy | the process |
orrhaphy | surgical repair |
ostomy | to make an opening |
pexy | to anchor or fixate |
plasty | revision, surgical molding of tissue |
abd | abdomen |
ad lib | as desired |
amb | ambulatory |
BM | bowel movement |
BP or B/P | blood pressure |
BRP | bathroom privilege |
ca | cancer, calcium |
C/O | complains of |
DC, dc | discontinue |
Dx | diagnosis |
ER | emergency room |
Fx | fracture |
GU | genitourinary |
Hgb, Hb | hemoglobin |
I & O | intake and output |
K | potassium |
Noc | night |
NPO | nothing by mouth |
O | orally |
PO | orally |
PRN | when necessary |
SSE | soap suds anemia |
UA | urinalysis |
AM | before noon |
H | hour |
HS | hour of sleep |
MN | midnight |
QD | everyday |
QID | 4 times a day |
BID | twice a day |
TID | three times a day |
aa | of each |
a.c. | before meals |
cap | capsule |
elix | elixir |
ID | intradermal |
IM | intra muscular |
IV | intravenous |
OD | right eye |
OS | left eye |
OU | both eyes |
p.c. | after meals |
pp | post prandial (after eating) |
amylo | starch |
glyco | sugar |
litho | stone |
sebum | secretion of sebaceous glands |
chyle | latin for juice, milky fluid consisting of lymph and fats |
albus | latin for white |
cyano | blue |
cirrhos | orange-yellow |
melano | black |
erythro | red |
leuko | white |
ruber | latin for red |
xantho | yellow |