| Question | Answer |
| Electrolyte | Major ions of body fluid: constitute majority of osmotically active particles: cation electrolytes include sodium and potassium: anion electrolytes includes chloride and bicarbonate. |
| Anion Gap | Difference between sum of measured cations and sum of measured anions. Equation [Na+ -[Cl- +HCO3-] |
| Osmolality | Measurement of number of moles of particles per kilogram of water |
| Osmometry | Osmotic concentration expressed as osmoles or milliosmoles of solute per liter of solvent. |
| Hyponatremia | Abnormally low plasma sodium concentrations
(Less than 136 mmol/L) |
| Hypernatremia | Abnormally high plasma sodium concentrations
(More than 150 mmol/L) |
| V max | Occurs when substrate concentration is high enough that all enzyme molecules are bound to substrate and all active sites are engaged. |
| Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) | Substrate concentration in moles per liter when initial velocity is ½ v max. E+S=ES=E+P |
| 1st order kinetics | Reaction involving enzymes and drug where rate of drug elimination is proportionate to its concentration. |
| Zero order kinetics | Change of plasma concentration of drug is independent of plasma drug concentration |
| McLean relationship | [Ca2+][Pr2-]/[CaPr]=K
(Calcium) |
| Oxidoreducatse | Group of enzymes that catalyze oxidation reduction reactions (Examples: LDH and G6PD) |
| Transferase | Catalyze the transfer group other than hydrogen between two substrates (Example: AST, ALT, GGT) |
| Hydrolases | Catalyze the hydrolic addition of water cleavage of compounds (Example: AMS, LPS) |
| Lyases | Catalyze the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis addition of water leaving double bonds in product |
| Isomerases | Catalyze the interconverson of isomers |
| Ligases | Catalyze the joining of two molecules coupled with the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in adenosisine triphosphate ATP or similar compounds |
| Creatine Kinase | In a cytoplasmic and mitocholdrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorlyation of creatine by ATP ( Tnazer Gilvary, Oliver, Rosalki) |
| Relative index of CK | Calculated by dividing the CK-MB mass by the total CK: ratios higher than 5 indicate cardiac source |
| De Ritis ratio | Ratio of AST to ALT: helpful in determining cause of liver disease; in alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis ALT> AST |
| Alkaline Phosphatase | Is a generic name for a group of enzymes with maximum activity in the ph range of 9.0 to 10.0. |
| Lipase | Hydrolyzes glycerol esters of long chain fatty acids to produce alcohol and fatty acids |
| Lipids | Class of organic compounds that are actually or potentially esters of fatty acids: soluble in organic solvents and nearly insoluble in water |
| Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) | Class of lipoproteins that are primarily transporters of endogenous triglycerides from liver to muscles and adipose cells: contain greater lipid-to-protein ratio |
| Fatty Acids | Simplest form of lipids, has chemical formula RCOOH |
| Triglyceride | Most common glycerol ester in plasma, comprising of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, neutral fat combines with proteins to form lipoproteins |
| Cholesterol | Contains 27 carbon atoms and four fused rings A, B, C, D called a perhydrochopentanophenatrene nucleus |
| Phospholipids | Diglycerides containg phosphorous example lecithin, constitute most of lipid portion of cell membrane |
| High Densitey lipoprotien HDL | Cholesterol scavenger that removes cholesterol from tissues, esterifies it and carries to the liver for disposal |
| Liebermann-Buchard and Abell-Kendall Assay | Early method for total cholesterol measurement |
| Freewald Equation | Used to calculate LDL from total cholesterol HDL and triglycerides; LDL cholesterol= Total cholesterol (HDL-C+TG/5 |
| Nephrons | Structural and functional units of kidney: approximately 1 million to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney: each one consists of glomerulus within Bowman’s capsule |
| Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) | Products of catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids that contain nitrogen but are not part of protein molecule: urea |
| Nessler’s Reagent | Convert nitrogen to ammonia which formed a yellow color
(Early detection for NPH in urine) |
| Azotemia | Increased levels of blood urea and other NPH compounds in blood. |
| BUN: creatine or BUN: CR ratio | Ratio that can be used to distinguish among three major types of azotemia-prenatal, renal, and postrenal. |
| Urea | Major nitrogen-containg metabolic product of protein catabolism in humans |
| Jaffe Reaction | Reaction between creatine and picric acid in alkaline medium, yellow orange compound |
| Glomerular filtration Rate GFR | Rate of urine formation as plasma passes through glomeruli of kidney
Volume of plasma filtered
T (per unit of time) |
| Creatine Clearance Test Formula | CrCl(mL/min/1.73m2=[(U x V) }x (1.73/A)
P |
| Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome | X linked genetic disorder caused by deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase: mental retardation (Uric Acid) |
| Reye’s Syndrome | Acute, often fatal, childhood syndrome presumably caused by virus hallmarks are encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver (no aspirin for kids) |
| Hormone | Chemical substance that has specific regulatory effect on activities of certain organ, organs or cell types. |
| Steroids | Organic compound containing in its chemical nucleus the ring structure groups of compounds related to sterols, including vitamin D, bile acids and certain hormones. |
| Addison’s Disease | Primary adrenal insufficiency caused by progressive destruction of adrenal gland because of infectious diseases or infiltration by neoplastic tissue. |
| Cushing’s syndrome | Condition characterized by increased concentration of adrenal glucocorticoids hormone in the bloodstream. |
| Mineralcocrticoids | Steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex that stimulates resorbtion of sodium and excretion of potassium in kidneys; aldestrone is the major minieralocorticoid in humans |
| Amino Acid | Molecule containing amino group, (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), Hydrogen and R group. |
| Essential Amino Acid | Amino acid that is not synthesized in the body that must be ingested in diet; in humans 8-10 essential amino acids |
| Alkaptonuria | A rare inherited disease that results from the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisitc acid oxidase in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine: build up of acid in tissues |
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) | Genetic disorder named for characteristic maple syrup or bunt sugar odor of affected individuals urine; caused by absence of or extremely low levels of alpha- ketoacid decarboxylase enzyme |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | Inborn error of metabolism, an autosomal recessive trait, in results in the inability to metabolize essential amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine |
| Multiple Myeloma | Cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow (M spike, High IgG, kappa or lambda in serum and urine) |
| Albumin: globulin ratio (A: G) | Ratio of albumin to globulin proteins in serum; reference range for ratio is approximately 1.0-1.8, with albumin levels normally higher than globulins. (Albumin/Globulin= in percent) |
| Islets of Langerhans | Endocrine portion that makes up approximately 1% of pancreases and produce hormones that are secreted into circulatory system. Each islet contains three types of cells: alpha, beta and delta. |
| Breath Test | Test that have been developed to evaluate fat absorption: detect specific substance in exhalant that helps explain metabolic change |
| Fecal fat | Test to determine quantity of lipids in times stool specimen: used to evaluate chronic diarrhea and confirm diagnosis of malabsorbtion or pancreatic dysfunction |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of pancreas that occurs as result of autodigestion |
| Insulin | Small peptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans. (Decreases blood glucose) |
| Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway | Glycolysis of glucose into pyruvate or lactate with or with out oxygen present; principal means of energy production in humans, glucose broken down into two 3 carbon molecules, lactate or pyruvate with the net gain of two ATP molecules. |
| Diabetes mellitus
(Type 1) | Group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia because of defects in insulin production (polydipsia, polyria, Polyphagia in childhood) (fruity smell) |
| Diabetes mellitus (Type 2) | Insulin action (most common- gradual) |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | Condition affecting type 1 diabetics because of tendency to produce high levels of keytones when glucose levels are out of control |
| Glucose-6-Phosphate deficiency | Type I and most common form of glycogen storage disease: also known as von Gierke disease. |
| Pompe’s disease | Type II glycogen storage disease, such as acid maltase deficiency : divided into to forms based on age of onset |
| Cori’s Disease | Type III glycogen storage disease; caused by glycogen debrancher enzyme deficiency in the liver, muscle, and some blood cells. |
| Anderson’s Disease | Type IV glycogen storage disease: enzyme deficiency in liver, brain, heart, skeletal muscle, skin. |
| Galactosemia | Autosomal recessive trait characterized by lack of an enzyme, galactose 1 phosphate |
| Henderson- Hasslebalch equation | Equation that defines relationships among ph, bicarbonate, and partial pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide gas |
| Acidemia | condition of decreased ph of blood. |
