| Question | Answer |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women |
| François Quesnay | 1694-1774; leader of the physiocrats in France who opposed mercantilist policies; sought to reform the existing agrarian system by instituting laissez faire in agriculture; believed the French government and nobility had too much control over land |
| principle of universal gravitation | piece of writing by Newton; natural laws of motion; every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship |
| laws of motion | Gravity is a universal force that produced uniform acceleration and all falling objects descend with equal velocity regardless of their weight. |
| Classical Liberalism | the belief in liberty of the individual and equality before the law |
| essay concerning human understanding | One of the greatest works of the enlightenment along with newtons principia stressed the importance of the environment on human development |
| The philosophes | Committed to fundamental reform in society they were extremely successful in popularizing the enlightenment ,though we're not professional philosophers like Locke and Descartes |
| Jean- Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract (1762) | believed that too much of an emphasis on property, and not enough consideration of people, was a root cause of social injustice |
| Scientific Revolution | emerged during early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. |
| Enlightenment | Intellectual revolution during the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe; Emphasis on reason, individualism, and reasoning based on observation. |
| Deism | The religious arm of the enlightenment |
| Scientific method | a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments |
| empiricism | A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation. |
| Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations | A Scottish professor of philosophy, highly critical of mercantilism. Often considered the father of capitalism; This book written by Smith advocated that a free market economy would be beneficial to society. |
| Tabula rasa | The human mind was born as a blank slate and registered input from the senses passively . |
| Issac Newton | the intellectual that showed the power of the human mind and influenced the great minds of the eighteenth century that since nature is rational; he discouraged metaphysics and the supernatural as opposed to empirical observation. |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician who lived from 1596-1650. His discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. |
| Maria Theresa | She inherited the Habsburg empire from her father Charles VII and wanted to improve the condition of her people through absolute rule. |
| Pugachev Rebellion | The unrest intensified as the 18th century wore on, with more than fifty peasant revolts occurring between 1762 and 1769 |
| Frederick the Great | Prussian ruler from 1740-1786 who was profoundly influenced by the Enlightenment and gained Silesia and Polish territory in the War of Austrian Succession. |
| Denis Diderot, the encyclopedia | Encyclopedie - 28 volumes with 3,000 pages & illustrations - covered everything known about science, technology & history. criticized the Church and gov and praised religious tolerance |
| Joseph II | Son and co-regent of Maria Theresa. He was one of the greatest "Enlightened Despots" and was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment and its emphasis on reforms. |
| Seven Years' War | A war fought between Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance of Austria, France, and Russia who wanted to conquer Prussia and divide its territories. |
| Enlightened Despotism | A form of absolute monarchy inspired by the Enlightenment; absolute ruler promotes the good of the people. |
| checks and balances | would ensure that no single branch of government became too powerful as the other two branches could excess power. |
| Marquis de Beccaria | Marquis de Beccaria "An Essay on Crime and Punishment"
- reccomends a system of laws that apply equally to all classes |
| Physiocrats | Leaded by Francois Quesnay, they taught that it is the self-interest of individuals or groups of individuals that moves the economy. They also believed that wealth comes solely from the value of land by means of agriculture or development. |
| Salon movement | Women played major role - many of the brightest minds of Enlightenment assembled to discuss major issues - took part in discussions |
| War of Austrian Succession | War fought by Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands against Prussia, France, and Spain because Frederick the Great invaded the Hapsburg empire and annexed Silesia. |
| telescope | It gathers light and directs it to a single point, first used by Galileo as a scientific instrument. |
| Maria Theresa | She inherited the Habsburg empire from her father Charles VII and wanted to improve the condition of her people through absolute rule. |
| Copernicus, heliocentric view | Proposed the theory that put the sun in the center of the universe with the planets traveling around the sun. |
| Johannes Kepler | He utilized Brahe's observations to discover that the orbits of the planets were elliptical, not circular, he published "On the Motion of Mars." |
| Principia, 1687 | piece of writing by Newton; another name for Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; details of the principle of universal gravitation |
| Catherine the Great | was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. |
| Tycho Brahe | A Danish astronomer, carefully recorded movements of the planets he constructed the most accurate tables of observations that had been drawn up for centuries. |
| William Harvey | English physician; announced that blood circulates though the body. |
| Baron de Montesquieu, spirit of the laws | member of the french nobility; hated the absolutism of Louis XIV. He called for seperation of powers in government into three branches (monarchy, nobility, and the rest of the population. |
| Voltaire | Perhaps the most influential of all enlightenment philosophers he wrote his criticisms with a sharp sarcasm that ridiculed those with whom he dis agreed . |
| John Locke ,two treatises of civil government | The greatest of the enlightenment thinkers , a philosophical defense for the "glorious revolution" in England. |
| Madame de Stael | Ran a salon and wrote widely read books deplored subordination of women to men that the Revolution had done so little to change. |
| Galileo Galilei | Developed the laws of motion, validated Copernicus' heliocentric view with the aid of a telescope, and first to use the telescope as a scientific instrument. |
| Noble savage | "noble savage" man in a simpler state of nature was good and was corrupted by the materialism of civilization |
| Francis Bacon | Formalized the empirical method that had already been used by Brahe and Galileo. His inductive method formed the backbone of the modern scientific method. |
