| Term | Definition |
| How a Paramagnetic Analyzer Works | O2 and NO are bipolar and attracted to a magnetic field.
-When O2 is added to analyzer, it effects the magnetic field, causing sphere to rotate. Light & mirror give off a color to scale of # of O2 molecules. |
| Advantages of a Paramagnetic Analyzer | -very accurate
-can be used in a flammable environment
-can be used with almost any gas mixture (except N2O) |
| Disadvantages of a Paramagnetic Analyzer | -fragile and position dependent
-must be on a flat surface to work properly
-expensive
-only for intermittent testing / not continuous |
| How a Thermal Conductivity Analyzer Works | -uses a wheat stone bridge(simple circuit) |
| Disadvantages of a Thermal Conductivity Analyzer | -other gases may affect cooling effects
-can NOT be used in a flammable environment
-not as accurate |
| How a Polarographic Analyzer Works (electro-chemical analyzer) | -uses a Clark electrode. Gold (+) and silver anode (-)
-Semi-permeable Teflon membrane
-KCL for electrolytic gel --> surrounding cathode and anode.
-The current displays as % O2 but actually measures the # of o2 molecules of pO2 |
| Advantages of a Polarographic Analyzer | -Fast response time
-Continuous measurements
-CAN be used in a flammable environment |
| Disadvantages of a Polarographic Analyzer | -electrodes consume quickly (ware out 2-3 months)
-Fragile
-Humidity on membrane alters accuracy
-Altitude or barometric pressure DEPENDENT |
| How a Galvanic cell analyzer works (another type of electro-chemical analyzer) | -No battery (same cathode / anodes concept as the polarographic)
-uses Pb instead of Ag
-KOH electrolytic solution
-Slower reaction time |
| Galvanic Cell Analyzer Advantages | -Continuous measurement
-Use in flammable environment
-Electrodes have a longer lifetime |
| Galvanic Cell Analyzer Disadvantages | -Expensive
-Slower response time
-Atmosphere dependent |
| How Chemical Analyzers Work | -measures % volume of a sample gas
-all 02 absorbed from sample |
| Disadvantages of Chemical Analyzer | -Very expensive
-Not typically used at a bed side
-Used in laboratories |
| How a spectrophotometer Analyzer Works | -molecules identified by mass to volume ratio
-sample gas molecule ionized by a stream of electrons, accelerated in a chamber, and deflected by a magnetic field
-Ions counted on a collector plate |
| Advantages & Disadvantages of a Spectrophotometer Analyzer | -Accurate
-Monitor more than 1 patient at a time
Disadvantages: Very Expensive |
| Pulse Oximetry | -LED light shines through finger and wave forms
-photo detector
-compares base line diastole and systole
-deoxy and oxy hem have very different light wave absorption patterns |
| Transcutaneous PO2 | - used in infants, newborns, wound care
-non invasive. electrode placed on skin with conductor gel
-O2 diffuses from skin into electrode & is analyzed
-uses cathode & anode
-CAN also analyze CO2!
-has to be moved every 2-3 hrs to prevent burns |
| Capnography: CO2 levels | =measures exhaled CO2 (waste product of metabolism)
-Co2 levels, when exhaled rise, and then plateau (alveolar plateau)
-Residual volume is left at the end of exhalation in lungs |
| Iatrogenic Complications | Any complication associated with health care provider services |
| Nosocomial Infection | Any infection a patient acquires that he / she did not enter the health care facility with |
| Direct Contact is defined as | Body surface to body surface transfer between host and infected person. Ex: mucus to mucus, or skin contact |
| Indirect is defined as | Contact between host and a contaminated object
ex: clothing, dressings, instruments, catheters, nebulizers, needles |
| 3 things Infection Control Procedures aim to do | 1. Monitor the effectiveness of control measures
2. Eliminate the sources of infectious agents
3. Create barriers to their transmission |
| 3 elements that must be present for infection to spread | Source of pathogen --> Route (means of transmission) --> Host |
| Cleaning is defined as | Removal of foreign material. Wash with soap / detergent enzymatic products and hot water. |
| Disinfection is defined as | Killing vegetative forms of organisms, but NOT spores.
-Pasteurization is the most common physical method |
| Sterilization is defined as | Eliminating ALL forms of microbial life (destroys ALL microorganisms) including spores
--Steam sterilization is the most common & easiest |
| Respiratory Care Equipment that can spread pathogens | Nebulizers, Ventilator Circuits, bag-valve-mask devices and suction equipment.
-O2 therapy and pulmonary function equipment are also implicated as potential sources of nosocomial infections |
| Describe Pasteurization (physical agents) | -Moist heat to coagulate all cell proteins (72C for 5 min, and 63C for 30 min)
-Kills all vegetative bacteria and some viruses (HIV)
-Dried and packaged after process |
| Describe Boiling (physical agents) | -Kills vegetative bacteria, fungi, viruses
-spores are NOT killed
-NOT RECOMMENDED FOR RC EQUIPMENT
-100 C for 5 minutes
-Dry and packaged after process |
| Describe Steam Autoclave | Steam Under Pressure **MOST efficient method of sterilization
-Takes a lot of Equipment Prep: disassemble, clean, package, use of porous packaging
-Sterilization occurs due to transfer of heat
-to sterilize it takes 1 1/2 the holding time |
| Define Holding Time | The minimum time needed to kill spores |
| Disadvantages of Steam Autoclave | Deterioration of materials
Ex: can't use with rubber, plastics, solutions, sharp instruments |
| Use of Ethylene Oxide | -used for heat sensitive items (rubber / plastic)
-toxic gas use and could residue on items
-expensive and time consuming (12-24 hours)
-but is an effective sterilization process |
| Use of Glutaraldehyde | -Useful to disinfect but also can sterilize
-must rinse and package items after process
-immerse items fully into solution |
| Use of Alcohol | -can kill bacteria and viruses , NOT spores
-need several minutes of exposure and needs to air dry
-Ethyl & isopropyl alcohol are the most common
-Works by destroying cell membranes
-Useful on the skin as an antiseptic / disinfectant (2%) |
| Use of Iodines | -can kill bacteria (TB), viruses, fungi
-5 min exposure
-Stains badly on clothes / skin
- |
| Use of Ionizing Radiaiton | -use of gamma and x rays
-very effective and rapid
-but very expensive
-long shelf life |
