| Question | Answer |
| Molecule with two of the same atoms in the opposite side of the double bond | Trans isomer |
| Pork is now fed corn and soy beans, so ____ is usually as toxic as those oils; use only ____ ____. | lard; lean pork |
| the only vegetable oils that are really safe | Coconut and olive oil |
| one of main causes of disease in western society | polyunsaturated oils |
| Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, is formed | in the skin after exposure to sunlight or ultra violet radiation. |
| unsaturated oils block | protein digestion in the stomach, |
| define metabolism | The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized. |
| what is needed for portal vein absorption of chyme to liver | amylase sucrase lactase and maltase |
| Menaquinone-7 is synthesized by | bacteria during fermentation and is found in fermented soybeans (natto) |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE
• Sources | -Liver, kidney, grains, seeds |
| Unsaturated fats cause | aging, clotting, inflammation, cancer, and weight gain. |
| Disacharides | maltose sucrose lactose |
| seed oils have two hazards: | natural pesticide of the plant protective mechanism and concentrated toxins from industrial pesticides |
| Bitot's spots | buildup of keratin located superficially in the conjunctiva, which are oval, triangular or irregular in shape. These spots are a sign of vitamin A deficiency and are associated with conjunctival xerosis. |
| urine turns bright yellow, recycles glutathione, promotes iron metabolism. | VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN |
| Coconut oil is | the least fattening of all the oils |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN
• Functions - | Blood formation
Synthesis and maintenance of myelin sheaths, DNA |
| First described in Spain by Gasper Casal y Julian in 1735 | Pellagra,(niacin B3 def) from maize based diet |
| what corrects B3 deficit in corn based diet? | treating cornmeal w Lime |
| define calorie | approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere |
| CIS vs TRANS fats | natural vs artificial |
| SS of scurvy | bleeding, fatigue and weakness, gingivitis |
| what vitamin def causes scurvy | Vit C, ascorbic acid |
| high Vitamin K2 | a strong and significant decrease in CHD incidence and CHD-related deaths |
| follicular hyperkeratosis - goosebumps that don't go away | Vitamin A deficiency |
| define Deamination | catabolism |
| Vitamin D2, or ergocalciferol, is obtained from | various food sources including milk and fish |
| 1901 discoverer of Tryptophan | Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
| SS rickets | Delayed growth
Pain in the spine, pelvis and legs
Muscle weakness
Because rickets softens the growth plates at the ends of a child's bones, it can cause skeletal deformities such as:
Bowed legs
Thickened wrists and ankles
Breastbone projection |
| - inability to form new memories - loss of memory, can be severe - making up stories (confabulation) - seeing or hearing things that are not really there
(hallucinations) | Symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome: |
| Avoid foods which contain | the polyunsaturated oils, such as corn, soy, safflower, flax, cottonseed, canola, peanut, and sesame oil. |
| most common cause of blindness worldwide | Vit A deficiency |
| FOLATE (B9)
• Functions - | Synthesis of DNA
RBC formation |
| what vitamin def causes pellagra | Vit B3 niacin |
| Vitamin K Rx used to | remove Ca from arteries and deposit into bones |
| Casimir Funk | 'father of vitamin therapy,' identified lack caused the 'deficiency disorders', as he called human beri-beri, scurvy, rickets and pellagra. In 1911, he designated these factors 'vitamins' (vital amines) |
| VItamin K function | clotting, synthesis of proteins found in plasma bone and kidneys |
| molecule in which two of the same atoms are on the same side of the double bond is known as | the cis isomer |
| what are antiketogenic, protein sparing, make vital reserve of glycogen and are the #1 fuel source for body | carbs |
| Dr Albert Szent Gyorgi | Hungarian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.[1] He is credited with discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. Showed Vit C def causes vessels to leak |
| K3- menadiones from | bacteria |
| highly saturated fats that are generally very safe | but butter and lamb fat |
| K1- phylloquinones found in | in plants (photosynthesis) |
| The role of vitamin D is best characterized as | enabling calcium absorption and regulating calcium homeostasis. also play a role in phosphate absorption |
| Natural fatty acids are | CIS form |
| where bile stone can block and back up digestive juices | ampul of vater |
| In the United States, ____ is toxic because the pigs are fed large quantities of corn and soy beans | lard |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE Deficiency - | Microcytic Anemia, Neuritis, Hyperirritability, Convulsions
rashes, fatigue, mood changes |
| losing weight too fast can cause | healing crisis as toxins are released and stones - either kindey or gall bladder |
| higher melting point, CIC or Trans? | trans isomers |
| Fish oils are usually | highly unsaturated |
| BIOTIN (B7)
Notes: | Helps production of insulin, builds healthy fats in the skin |
| In 1914, the U.S. Public Health Service’s Dr. Joseph Goldberger | Found that Pellagra was not infectious, but instead was caused by a deficiency in the diet. Many poor Southerners consumed a diet solely of meat, meal and molasses. Low-wages driving high-deficiency diets made the disease economic in origin. |
| primarily as component of collagen | role of Vitamin C |
| causes pancreatic cancer | aspergillus aflatoxin from fermented (moldy) peanuts and grains |
| Risk factors for hypovitaminosis D include | premature birth, darker skin pigmentation, living at higher altitudes, obesity, malabsoprtion and older age. |
| The two forms of vitamin D are metabolized in | the liver and stored as 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
| Worldwide: 40,000 - 50,000 people | die each day from malnutrition |
| wernicke korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome due to B1 Thiamine deficiency) | a spectrum of disorders which also encompasses beriberi, usually secondary to alcohol abuse. It mainly causes vision changes, ataxia and impaired memory |
| K2 -menaquinones derived from | from K1 (K2 forms: MK-4 and MK-7 for bones) |
| dry beri beri affects what system? | neuro |
| 4 Ds of pellagra | dermatitis (rough scaly skin -cassal necklace and gloves, diarrhea, dementia, death |
| Coconut oil | is unique in its ability to prevent weight-gain or cure obesity, by stimulating metabolism, is quickly metabolized, and functions in some ways as an antioxidant |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN Rx: | alcohol-related brain disease, obesity surgery, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's. |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN • Deficiency - | Beriberi |
| Unsaturated fats intensify | estrogen's harmful effects. |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN Functions | -Maintenance of myelin sheaths, nervous system
-Energy for GI tract to work
-Energy for cardiovascular system to work |
| Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4) is synthesized by | animal tissues and is found in meat, eggs, and dairy products |
| aquamephyton, Menadiol Acetate, Menadiol Sodium Phosphate, Menadione, Ménadione, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite, Menaquinone, Ménaquinone, Menatetrenone, Menatétrenone, Phytonadione, Methylphytyl Naphthoquinone, Phylloquinone, Phytomenadione | Vitamin K names K1,2,3 |
| SS osteomalacia | dull, aching pain affects the lower back, pelvis, hips, legs and rib, may be worse at night, or when putting weight on affected bones.
Decreased muscle tone and leg weakness may cause a waddling gait and make it difficult for you to get around. |
| saccharide | single sugar making a carbohydrate |
| Fat sol vitamins | ADEK |
| Sir Hopking 1929 Nobel for | discovery of essential nutrient factors that came to be known as vitamins |
| BIOTIN (B7)
• Functions | -Metabolism of fat/synthesis of fatty acids |
| vitamin E fxn | Antioxidant intercepts free radicals and prevents cell damage protects red blood cells maintenance of vitamins A and C
Vitamin E supports healthy skin protects against scar tissue and skin inflammation.Immune System cardiovascular health |
| higher boiling point- CIS or Trans? | CIS isomers |
| Elaidic acid is solid at room temperature because trans molecules | are tightly packed. |
| the same molecular formula and molecular weight, but their physical properties are different. | Cis and trans isomers |
| name the 4 classic vitamin deficiencies | beri beri, scurvy, pellagra, ricketts |
| HDL function | carries cholesterol from tissues |
| • Monosaccharides (one sugar unit)
• Disaccharides (2 sugar units) | Simple Carbohydrates |
| Dietary fiber: regulates | passage of food thru GI tract, influences
absorption of various nutrients |
| Japanese Dr Takaki | treated beriberi w brown rice replacing milled white rice |
| - Noncellulose polysaccharides and cellulose | dietary fiber-absorb water, swell to larger bulk, slow emptying of food,from stomach-binds bile/cholesterol in intestines
-provide fermentation material for colon material to work
on, provides bulk |
| Partially hydrogenated veg oils are | TRANS form linked to: ↑ serum lipids, ↓ essential FA metab,
damage to cell membranes |
| structure of triglycerides | 3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
| BIOTIN (B7)
• Sources | -Liver, egg yolk, cereals (except wheat), meats, tomatoes, yeast intestinal bacteria, pumpkin & sunflower seeds |
| what vitamin def causes beri beri | B1 thiamine |
| saturated fat | non polar - hydrophobic, fat soluble |
| glycolysis in mitochondrial Krebs cycle uses | ATP |
| metabolism is | The sum of all the chemical changes that take place in the body by which it maintains itself and produces energy for its functioning |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE Notes: | glycogen utilization GABA, dopamine, and serotonin all require vitamin B6 for synthesis needed for liver detox process |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID - about | Rx: shingles; Notes: important for basic processes of life: supports hormones and immune system |
| VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN Sources | -Dairy, meat, fish, poultry, green vegetables, enriched grains |
| EFAs linoleic acid function | tissue strength, cholesterol metabolism, muscle strength, blood clotting, heart beating |
| what is negative Ntg balance and what conditions are associated with it? | Negative nitrogen balance, which occurs when more nitrogen is excreted than is taken in, indicates wasting or destruction of tissue. |
| coconut and palm oils are solid non animal sources of | saturated fats |
| BIOTIN (B7)
• Deficiency - | Seborrheic Dermatitis, Hair loss, Fatigue, Depression |
| Caution: doses of 100 mg-500mg daily for many weeks can be toxic. Symptoms: most commonly irritated nerves are the smaller peripheral nerves of the hands and feet, which produce numbness in a "stockingglove" distribution; headache, temporary HBP | vitamin B6 |
| Positive Nitrogen Balance | - body takes in more nitrogen than it excretes (it stores it as new tissue) |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID
• Functions | -Formation of Coenzyme A; carbohydrate, protein, lipid
metabolism, energy• |
| Fish oils for supplementation should include | Vitamin E to prevent or to forestall oxidation |
| Carbs | : widely available, easily grown, low in cost, easily stored for long periods |
| Dr James Lind, scottish physician 1700s | developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN• Sources | -Animal protein: liver, kidney, lean meats, milk, eggs, cheese |
| d'alphatocopherol vs dl'alphatocopherol | natural vs synthetic |
| Other conditions that may cause thiamine deficiency include: | AIDS - CA w Mets, hyperemesis gravidarium - heart failure long-term diuretic therapy - long periods of intravenous (IV) therapy without receiving
thiamine supplements - long-term dialysis - (thyrotoxicosis) - gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery |
| VITAMIN K - PHYLLOQUINONE Functions | -Blood clotting and Bone development |
| Essential fatty acids (EFA) are, according to the textbooks, | linoleic acid and linolenic acid, we are able to synthesize our own unsaturated fats when we don't eat the "EFAs," so they are not "essential." The term thus appears to be a misnomer. |
| If the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bonds of the carbon chain then it is said to be | in "cis" configuration. |
| VITAMIN K - PHYLLOQUINONE Deficiency - | Hemorrhages |
| polysaccharides provide dietary fiber whose benefits are | drawing in water, slows stomach emptying, binds bile, lowers cholesterol, feeds beneficial bacteria in gut |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN• Deficiency | -Pernicious Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia, neuro disorders, Sore mouth/tongue, amenorrhea, cognitive impairment |
| SS of beri beri | weakness, ataxia, footdrop, opthalmoplegia, nystagmus, neuropathy, cognitive deficit |
| Frances Glisson | Wrote treatise on rickets published in 1650, describing the clinical and anatomic features in great detail |
| what vitamin def causes ricketts or osteomalacia | Vit D choleycalciferol |
| a sterol, not a fat | cholesterol |
| define Kilocalorie | amount of heat required to raise 1 kilo water 1 degree C |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN Sources - | Liver, beef, pork, grains, legumes |
| the body is said to be in nitrogen balance | If this ratio is maintained (for every 6.25 gr protein IN there is 1
gr nitrogen OUT) |
| Three basic types of vitamin K: | K1, K2, and K3. |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN Caution: | folic acid supplementation can mask a B12 deficiency |
| what is positive Ntg balance and what conditions are associated with it? | Positive nitrogen balance, which occurs when the intake of nitrogen is greater than its excretion, implies tissue formation and growth. |
| causes fatty liver, diabetes T2 | high fructose corn syrup |
| riboflavin property when excreted | gives yellow color to urine |
| role of fats in stomach emptying time | slows |
| FOLATE (B9)
• Deficiency) | -Macrocytic Anemia, Neural Tube Defects (NTDs |
| starch and glycogen | polysaccharides |
| alcoholism associated vitamin xu | B1 especially |
| To sustain life, nutrients in food must perform 3 basic functions in the body: | Provide energy sources -energy to do work
Build tissue -building materials to
maintain form/function
Regulate metabolic processes -control agents to regulate
these processes |
| what fuel is used overnight so we can sleep? | Glycogen |
| VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Functions - | Coenzyme in cell metabolism/energy production (with B1, B2) DNA repair; Ca mobilization in body, glycogen production |
| Oleic acid is liquid at room temperature because cis molecules | are loosely packed. |
| Negative Nitrogen Balance | - body takes in less nitrogen than it excretes
results from inadequate protein intake, more tissue breaking down than being built up |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN Notes: | preferred forms: hydro and methyl cobalamin
B12 needs HCL in stomach to free up B12 from food, and Intrinsic factor to absorb B12. |
| lignans are | type of fiber that binds to bile salts and is basis for blood type diet theory because they can cause allergen antibody reaction |
| vitamins and minerals | Act as coenzyme factors in cells enzymes to govern chemical reactions in cell metabolism |
| sucrose lactose maltose | disaccharides |
| If the hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double bonds of the carbon chain, then it is said to be | in "trans" configuration. |
| Cis isomers are | polar |
| VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Sources - | Meat, poultry, fish, legumes |
| VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN Deficiency - | Swollen tongue, Cracked lips/mouth corners, eyes burning,
tearing, dermatitis in skin folds |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE
• Functions | -Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat metabolism, RBC formation
neurotransmitter synthesis, Energy production, DNA/RNA |
| repair mechanism of arteries damaged by inflammation, building material for cell membrains | cholesterol |
| Basal metabolic rate | everything going on at rest |
| what vitamin deficiency has recently been associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. | Vitamin D |
| mental disorders (Dr. Abram Hoffer), raise HDL cholesterol, tinnitus | VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Rx: |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID Deficiency - | None reported |
| LDL function | carries cholesterol to tissues |
| Trans isomers are | comparatively non polar |
| function of fats | protect vital organs, regulate body temp, insulate nerve fibers as myelin sheath, part of cell membrain |
| Fifty years ago, it was found that a large amount of cod liver oil in dogs' diet increased | their death rate from cancer by 20 times, from the usual 5% to 100%. |
| Vegan associated vitamin xu | B12, Fe, Zn, Ca++ |
| vitamin A caution | death! |
| toxic oils that are dangerous to health | soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil, canola, sesame oil, sunflower seed oil, palm oil, and any others that are labeled as "unsaturated" or "polyunsaturated." Almond oil is very unsaturated. |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN Rx: | vegetarians, vegans, Macrocytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy |
| VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN Functions | Tissue health and growth (mucosa, epithelium, eyes), energy |
| pellagra is caused by | a dietary lack of the B vitamin niacin along with
reduced levels of the essential amino acid Tryptophan |
| VITAMIN K - PHYLLOQUINONE Sources | -Green leafy vegetables, dairy, meat, eggs, cereals,
Intestinal Bacteria |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID• Sources | -Animal and plant foods |
| wet beri beri affects what system? | cardiovascular |
| FOLATE (B9)
• Sources | -Green leafy vegetables, liver, yeast, legumes |
| Aristotle wrote about this disease that causes gingivitis, edentulousness, easy bruising and hemorrhage | scurvy |
| • Polysaccharides (3 or more sugar units) | Complex Carbohydrates |
| Notes: prone to destruction by modern food processing
all involved in carbohydrate metabolism | B vitamins |
| quickly absorbed from intestine to blood to liver
converted by enzymes to glycogen for back up energy or immediate use | Monosaccharides - |
| Vitamin A deficiency | night blindness |
| stable when heated, single bonds that are tough to break | Saturated Fat |
| The enzymes which break down proteins are inhibited by | unsaturated fats, and these enzymes are needed not only for digestion, but also for production of thyroid hormones, clot removal, immunity, and the general adaptability of cells. |
| total energy requirement = | BMR + physical activity + thermal effect of food (TEF) |
| carbohydrate digestion | krebs cycle |
| can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin flush, non-flush niacinamide, inositol hexaniacinate | VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Notes: |
| stronger intermolecular forces, CIS or Trans? | CIS isomers |
| VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Deficiency | -Pellagra: Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Death
Weakness, Poor appetite/indigestion, Disorders of skin/ nervous system |
| what types of oil adversely affect the thyroid function? | corn and soybean polyunsaturated |
