| Question | Answer |
| Vitamin A deficiency | night blindness |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID• Sources | -Animal and plant foods |
| Sir Hopking 1929 Nobel for | discovery of essential nutrient factors that came to be known as vitamins |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN Caution: | folic acid supplementation can mask a B12 deficiency |
| the same molecular formula and molecular weight, but their physical properties are different. | Cis and trans isomers |
| Other conditions that may cause thiamine deficiency include: | AIDS - CA w Mets, hyperemesis gravidarium - heart failure long-term diuretic therapy - long periods of intravenous (IV) therapy without receiving
thiamine supplements - long-term dialysis - (thyrotoxicosis) - gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery |
| riboflavin property when excreted | gives yellow color to urine |
| SS of beri beri | weakness, ataxia, footdrop, opthalmoplegia, nystagmus, neuropathy, cognitive deficit |
| define Deamination | catabolism |
| name the 4 classic vitamin deficiencies | beri beri, scurvy, pellagra, ricketts |
| Notes: prone to destruction by modern food processing
all involved in carbohydrate metabolism | B vitamins |
| what is needed for portal vein absorption of chyme to liver | amylase sucrase lactase and maltase |
| Japanese Dr Takaki | treated beriberi w brown rice replacing milled white rice |
| Trans isomers are | comparatively non polar |
| glycolysis in mitochondrial Krebs cycle uses | ATP |
| Frances Glisson | Wrote treatise on rickets published in 1650, describing the clinical and anatomic features in great detail |
| Coconut oil | is unique in its ability to prevent weight-gain or cure obesity, by stimulating metabolism, is quickly metabolized, and functions in some ways as an antioxidant |
| FOLATE (B9)
• Deficiency) | -Macrocytic Anemia, Neural Tube Defects (NTDs |
| In 1914, the U.S. Public Health Service’s Dr. Joseph Goldberger | Found that Pellagra was not infectious, but instead was caused by a deficiency in the diet. Many poor Southerners consumed a diet solely of meat, meal and molasses. Low-wages driving high-deficiency diets made the disease economic in origin. |
| In the United States, ____ is toxic because the pigs are fed large quantities of corn and soy beans | lard |
| VITAMIN K - PHYLLOQUINONE Deficiency - | Hemorrhages |
| polysaccharides provide dietary fiber whose benefits are | drawing in water, slows stomach emptying, binds bile, lowers cholesterol, feeds beneficial bacteria in gut |
| metabolism is | The sum of all the chemical changes that take place in the body by which it maintains itself and produces energy for its functioning |
| what are antiketogenic, protein sparing, make vital reserve of glycogen and are the #1 fuel source for body | carbs |
| Molecule with two of the same atoms in the opposite side of the double bond | Trans isomer |
| toxic oils that are dangerous to health | soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil, canola, sesame oil, sunflower seed oil, palm oil, and any others that are labeled as "unsaturated" or "polyunsaturated." Almond oil is very unsaturated. |
| vitamin A caution | death! |
| Natural fatty acids are | CIS form |
| Essential fatty acids (EFA) are, according to the textbooks, | linoleic acid and linolenic acid, we are able to synthesize our own unsaturated fats when we don't eat the "EFAs," so they are not "essential." The term thus appears to be a misnomer. |
| wernicke korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome due to B1 Thiamine deficiency) | a spectrum of disorders which also encompasses beriberi, usually secondary to alcohol abuse. It mainly causes vision changes, ataxia and impaired memory |
| primarily as component of collagen | role of Vitamin C |
| VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Functions - | Coenzyme in cell metabolism/energy production (with B1, B2) DNA repair; Ca mobilization in body, glycogen production |
| dry beri beri affects what system? | neuro |
| First described in Spain by Gasper Casal y Julian in 1735 | Pellagra,(niacin B3 def) from maize based diet |
| Risk factors for hypovitaminosis D include | premature birth, darker skin pigmentation, living at higher altitudes, obesity, malabsoprtion and older age. |
| EFAs linoleic acid function | tissue strength, cholesterol metabolism, muscle strength, blood clotting, heart beating |
| Unsaturated fats intensify | estrogen's harmful effects. |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN Sources - | Liver, beef, pork, grains, legumes |
| causes fatty liver, diabetes T2 | high fructose corn syrup |
| The role of vitamin D is best characterized as | enabling calcium absorption and regulating calcium homeostasis. also play a role in phosphate absorption |
| Vitamin D2, or ergocalciferol, is obtained from | various food sources including milk and fish |
| highly saturated fats that are generally very safe | but butter and lamb fat |
| what vitamin def causes scurvy | Vit C, ascorbic acid |
| vitamin E fxn | Antioxidant intercepts free radicals and prevents cell damage protects red blood cells maintenance of vitamins A and C
Vitamin E supports healthy skin protects against scar tissue and skin inflammation.Immune System cardiovascular health |
| Basal metabolic rate | everything going on at rest |
| Fat sol vitamins | ADEK |
| Disacharides | maltose sucrose lactose |
| Aristotle wrote about this disease that causes gingivitis, edentulousness, easy bruising and hemorrhage | scurvy |
| total energy requirement = | BMR + physical activity + thermal effect of food (TEF) |
| If the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bonds of the carbon chain then it is said to be | in "cis" configuration. |
| the only vegetable oils that are really safe | Coconut and olive oil |
| SS of scurvy | bleeding, fatigue and weakness, gingivitis |
| alcoholism associated vitamin xu | B1 especially |
| K1- phylloquinones found in | in plants (photosynthesis) |
| molecule in which two of the same atoms are on the same side of the double bond is known as | the cis isomer |
| Oleic acid is liquid at room temperature because cis molecules | are loosely packed. |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE Deficiency - | Microcytic Anemia, Neuritis, Hyperirritability, Convulsions
rashes, fatigue, mood changes |
| SS rickets | Delayed growth
Pain in the spine, pelvis and legs
Muscle weakness
Because rickets softens the growth plates at the ends of a child's bones, it can cause skeletal deformities such as:
Bowed legs
Thickened wrists and ankles
Breastbone projection |
| Vitamin K Rx used to | remove Ca from arteries and deposit into bones |
| VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN Functions | Tissue health and growth (mucosa, epithelium, eyes), energy |
| BIOTIN (B7)
• Deficiency - | Seborrheic Dermatitis, Hair loss, Fatigue, Depression |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID
• Functions | -Formation of Coenzyme A; carbohydrate, protein, lipid
metabolism, energy• |
| Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4) is synthesized by | animal tissues and is found in meat, eggs, and dairy products |
| function of fats | protect vital organs, regulate body temp, insulate nerve fibers as myelin sheath, part of cell membrain |
| Worldwide: 40,000 - 50,000 people | die each day from malnutrition |
| sucrose lactose maltose | disaccharides |
| most common cause of blindness worldwide | Vit A deficiency |
| CIS vs TRANS fats | natural vs artificial |
| Fish oils for supplementation should include | Vitamin E to prevent or to forestall oxidation |
| Avoid foods which contain | the polyunsaturated oils, such as corn, soy, safflower, flax, cottonseed, canola, peanut, and sesame oil. |
| Partially hydrogenated veg oils are | TRANS form linked to: ↑ serum lipids, ↓ essential FA metab,
damage to cell membranes |
| the body is said to be in nitrogen balance | If this ratio is maintained (for every 6.25 gr protein IN there is 1
gr nitrogen OUT) |
| VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN Deficiency - | Swollen tongue, Cracked lips/mouth corners, eyes burning,
tearing, dermatitis in skin folds |
| Carbs | : widely available, easily grown, low in cost, easily stored for long periods |
| carbohydrate digestion | krebs cycle |
| losing weight too fast can cause | healing crisis as toxins are released and stones - either kindey or gall bladder |
| Bitot's spots | buildup of keratin located superficially in the conjunctiva, which are oval, triangular or irregular in shape. These spots are a sign of vitamin A deficiency and are associated with conjunctival xerosis. |
| The enzymes which break down proteins are inhibited by | unsaturated fats, and these enzymes are needed not only for digestion, but also for production of thyroid hormones, clot removal, immunity, and the general adaptability of cells. |
| • Polysaccharides (3 or more sugar units) | Complex Carbohydrates |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN
• Functions - | Blood formation
Synthesis and maintenance of myelin sheaths, DNA |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN Functions | -Maintenance of myelin sheaths, nervous system
-Energy for GI tract to work
-Energy for cardiovascular system to work |
| wet beri beri affects what system? | cardiovascular |
| Positive Nitrogen Balance | - body takes in more nitrogen than it excretes (it stores it as new tissue) |
| higher boiling point- CIS or Trans? | CIS isomers |
| can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin flush, non-flush niacinamide, inositol hexaniacinate | VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Notes: |
| • Monosaccharides (one sugar unit)
• Disaccharides (2 sugar units) | Simple Carbohydrates |
| Casimir Funk | 'father of vitamin therapy,' identified lack caused the 'deficiency disorders', as he called human beri-beri, scurvy, rickets and pellagra. In 1911, he designated these factors 'vitamins' (vital amines) |
| Coconut oil is | the least fattening of all the oils |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN Rx: | vegetarians, vegans, Macrocytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN• Deficiency | -Pernicious Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia, neuro disorders, Sore mouth/tongue, amenorrhea, cognitive impairment |
| - inability to form new memories - loss of memory, can be severe - making up stories (confabulation) - seeing or hearing things that are not really there
(hallucinations) | Symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome: |
| seed oils have two hazards: | natural pesticide of the plant protective mechanism and concentrated toxins from industrial pesticides |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN• Sources | -Animal protein: liver, kidney, lean meats, milk, eggs, cheese |
| stronger intermolecular forces, CIS or Trans? | CIS isomers |
| The two forms of vitamin D are metabolized in | the liver and stored as 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
| Pork is now fed corn and soy beans, so ____ is usually as toxic as those oils; use only ____ ____. | lard; lean pork |
| unsaturated oils block | protein digestion in the stomach, |
| SS osteomalacia | dull, aching pain affects the lower back, pelvis, hips, legs and rib, may be worse at night, or when putting weight on affected bones.
Decreased muscle tone and leg weakness may cause a waddling gait and make it difficult for you to get around. |
| role of fats in stomach emptying time | slows |
| VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN Sources | -Dairy, meat, fish, poultry, green vegetables, enriched grains |
| mental disorders (Dr. Abram Hoffer), raise HDL cholesterol, tinnitus | VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Rx: |
| what is negative Ntg balance and what conditions are associated with it? | Negative nitrogen balance, which occurs when more nitrogen is excreted than is taken in, indicates wasting or destruction of tissue. |
| where bile stone can block and back up digestive juices | ampul of vater |
| higher melting point, CIC or Trans? | trans isomers |
| VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Deficiency | -Pellagra: Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Death
Weakness, Poor appetite/indigestion, Disorders of skin/ nervous system |
| what vitamin deficiency has recently been associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. | Vitamin D |
| one of main causes of disease in western society | polyunsaturated oils |
| follicular hyperkeratosis - goosebumps that don't go away | Vitamin A deficiency |
| Cis isomers are | polar |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID - about | Rx: shingles; Notes: important for basic processes of life: supports hormones and immune system |
| VITAMIN B12 - COBALAMIN Notes: | preferred forms: hydro and methyl cobalamin
B12 needs HCL in stomach to free up B12 from food, and Intrinsic factor to absorb B12. |
| causes pancreatic cancer | aspergillus aflatoxin from fermented (moldy) peanuts and grains |
| Negative Nitrogen Balance | - body takes in less nitrogen than it excretes
results from inadequate protein intake, more tissue breaking down than being built up |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN • Deficiency - | Beriberi |
| saturated fat | non polar - hydrophobic, fat soluble |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE Notes: | glycogen utilization GABA, dopamine, and serotonin all require vitamin B6 for synthesis needed for liver detox process |
| Unsaturated fats cause | aging, clotting, inflammation, cancer, and weight gain. |
| FOLATE (B9)
• Sources | -Green leafy vegetables, liver, yeast, legumes |
| Elaidic acid is solid at room temperature because trans molecules | are tightly packed. |
| Dietary fiber: regulates | passage of food thru GI tract, influences
absorption of various nutrients |
| - Noncellulose polysaccharides and cellulose | dietary fiber-absorb water, swell to larger bulk, slow emptying of food,from stomach-binds bile/cholesterol in intestines
-provide fermentation material for colon material to work
on, provides bulk |
| pellagra is caused by | a dietary lack of the B vitamin niacin along with
reduced levels of the essential amino acid Tryptophan |
| lignans are | type of fiber that binds to bile salts and is basis for blood type diet theory because they can cause allergen antibody reaction |
| Fish oils are usually | highly unsaturated |
| K3- menadiones from | bacteria |
| VItamin K function | clotting, synthesis of proteins found in plasma bone and kidneys |
| VITAMIN K - PHYLLOQUINONE Functions | -Blood clotting and Bone development |
| high Vitamin K2 | a strong and significant decrease in CHD incidence and CHD-related deaths |
| define calorie | approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere |
| vitamins and minerals | Act as coenzyme factors in cells enzymes to govern chemical reactions in cell metabolism |
| what vitamin def causes ricketts or osteomalacia | Vit D choleycalciferol |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE
• Sources | -Liver, kidney, grains, seeds |
| define Kilocalorie | amount of heat required to raise 1 kilo water 1 degree C |
| a sterol, not a fat | cholesterol |
| BIOTIN (B7)
• Functions | -Metabolism of fat/synthesis of fatty acids |
| K2 -menaquinones derived from | from K1 (K2 forms: MK-4 and MK-7 for bones) |
| Dr James Lind, scottish physician 1700s | developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy |
| To sustain life, nutrients in food must perform 3 basic functions in the body: | Provide energy sources -energy to do work
Build tissue -building materials to
maintain form/function
Regulate metabolic processes -control agents to regulate
these processes |
| Menaquinone-7 is synthesized by | bacteria during fermentation and is found in fermented soybeans (natto) |
| VITAMIN K - PHYLLOQUINONE Sources | -Green leafy vegetables, dairy, meat, eggs, cereals,
Intestinal Bacteria |
| BIOTIN (B7)
• Sources | -Liver, egg yolk, cereals (except wheat), meats, tomatoes, yeast intestinal bacteria, pumpkin & sunflower seeds |
| VITAMIN B6 - PYRIDOXINE
• Functions | -Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat metabolism, RBC formation
neurotransmitter synthesis, Energy production, DNA/RNA |
| structure of triglycerides | 3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
| what vitamin def causes beri beri | B1 thiamine |
| 1901 discoverer of Tryptophan | Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
| what vitamin def causes pellagra | Vit B3 niacin |
| Caution: doses of 100 mg-500mg daily for many weeks can be toxic. Symptoms: most commonly irritated nerves are the smaller peripheral nerves of the hands and feet, which produce numbness in a "stockingglove" distribution; headache, temporary HBP | vitamin B6 |
| urine turns bright yellow, recycles glutathione, promotes iron metabolism. | VITAMIN B2 - RIBOFLAVIN |
| stable when heated, single bonds that are tough to break | Saturated Fat |
| what fuel is used overnight so we can sleep? | Glycogen |
| VITAMIN B1 - THIAMIN Rx: | alcohol-related brain disease, obesity surgery, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's. |
| LDL function | carries cholesterol to tissues |
| Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, is formed | in the skin after exposure to sunlight or ultra violet radiation. |
| FOLATE (B9)
• Functions - | Synthesis of DNA
RBC formation |
| what is positive Ntg balance and what conditions are associated with it? | Positive nitrogen balance, which occurs when the intake of nitrogen is greater than its excretion, implies tissue formation and growth. |
| starch and glycogen | polysaccharides |
| HDL function | carries cholesterol from tissues |
| saccharide | single sugar making a carbohydrate |
| d'alphatocopherol vs dl'alphatocopherol | natural vs synthetic |
| what corrects B3 deficit in corn based diet? | treating cornmeal w Lime |
| Dr Albert Szent Gyorgi | Hungarian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.[1] He is credited with discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. Showed Vit C def causes vessels to leak |
| what types of oil adversely affect the thyroid function? | corn and soybean polyunsaturated |
| repair mechanism of arteries damaged by inflammation, building material for cell membrains | cholesterol |
| 4 Ds of pellagra | dermatitis (rough scaly skin -cassal necklace and gloves, diarrhea, dementia, death |
| coconut and palm oils are solid non animal sources of | saturated fats |
| aquamephyton, Menadiol Acetate, Menadiol Sodium Phosphate, Menadione, Ménadione, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite, Menaquinone, Ménaquinone, Menatetrenone, Menatétrenone, Phytonadione, Methylphytyl Naphthoquinone, Phylloquinone, Phytomenadione | Vitamin K names K1,2,3 |
| If the hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double bonds of the carbon chain, then it is said to be | in "trans" configuration. |
| BIOTIN (B7)
Notes: | Helps production of insulin, builds healthy fats in the skin |
| define metabolism | The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized. |
| Fifty years ago, it was found that a large amount of cod liver oil in dogs' diet increased | their death rate from cancer by 20 times, from the usual 5% to 100%. |
| quickly absorbed from intestine to blood to liver
converted by enzymes to glycogen for back up energy or immediate use | Monosaccharides - |
| Three basic types of vitamin K: | K1, K2, and K3. |
| VITAMIN B3 - NIACIN Sources - | Meat, poultry, fish, legumes |
| Vegan associated vitamin xu | B12, Fe, Zn, Ca++ |
| VITAMIN B5 - PANTOTHENIC ACID Deficiency - | None reported |
