| Question | Answer |
| Route of medication administration(Under the tongue) | Sublingual |
| Route of medication administration(Allowed to dissolve on mucous membrane of cheek) | Buccal |
| OD | Right eye |
| OS | Left eye |
| OU | Both eyes |
| Injection into the fatty layer under the skin. Sites include upper abdomen, upper thigh, or lateral upper arm. Amounts are usually 0.5-1.5 Medication is to be absorbed slowly with prolonged effect. | Subcutaneous |
| Good for poorly soluble drugs, irritating drugs, provides systemic effect | Intramuscular |
| Provides rapid onset. Gives option of larger fluid volume therefore diluting irritating drugs, Amounts are usually over 5 ml | Intravenous |
| Usually used for allergy or TB tests Inner aspect of arm is usual site Normally should not be over 0.1 ml | Intradermal |
| Otic medications Adult ear canal should be pulled | up and back |
| Otic medications Child ear canal should be pulled | down and back |
| Patient should lie on left side for insertion and water-soluble lubricant should be used. | suppositories |
| Tyramine containing foods | cheese, red wine, beer, and yogurt |
| When taken with tyramine foods can cause severe hypertension | MAO inhibitors |
| What do you assess the patient for (medication administration) | 1. Food or drug allergies 2. past medical history and present condition 3. knowledge deficits and teaching needed |
| Suspension of fat globules in water | emulsion |
| Drugs dissolved in alcohol | tincture |
| liquid dispersion of drug for topical use | lotion |
| Drug coated with substance that delays release of drug until it reaches the intestine (should not be crushed) | enteric coated |
| Drug incorporated into a sugar or fruit base which will dissolve in the mouth | Lozenge |
| Usually predictable, undesirable responses | Side effects |
| Movement of drugs throughout the body. Four components: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion | Pharmacokinetics |
| Process of moving a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream. | Absorption |
| How drugs are transported throughout the body. | Distribution |
| Enzymatic alteration of drug structure, also known as biotransformation | Metabolism |
| Primarily occurs in the liver | Metabolism |
| Removal of drugs from the body. Usually occurs through the kidneys and urine. | Excretion |
| Between minimum effective level and the toxic level | Therapeutic range |
| The length of time the body takes to reduce the plasma level of a drug to 50% of its peak value. Duration of action for most drugs. | Half-life |
| Reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell. | Receptor |
| Drugs that bind to a receptor and cause effects that mimic normal cell activities. | Agonists |
| Drugs that bind to a receptor and inhibit normal cell activities | Antagonists |
| Drugs that attach, elicit some response, and also block other responses | Partial agonists |
| Health history info., physical assessment data, lab values, medication effects | Assessment related to medication administration |
| Most common nursing diagnosis related to medication administration | Knowledge deficit, Noncompliance |
| Sympathetic NS mimics the "fight or flight" response selectively stimulating alpha & beta adrenergic receptors Includes vasoconstrictors (Norepinephrine) & Inotropes (Dopamine & Dobutrex)Increase HR and B/P | Adrenergic |
| Dopamine involvement in CNS regulation, having a major effect on the akinesia of Parkinson's (Sinemet & Levodopa) | Dopaminergic |
| Drugs that stimulate the PSNS by mimicking ACh. Promote muscle contraction & bladder emptying treating urinary retention. Side effects: abdominal cramps, salivation, N/V & diarrhea. | Cholinergic drugs |
| Drugs that block or impede the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic receptors in the brain. Relax smooth muscles. | Anticholinergic drugs |
| When two drugs with similar actions are given together. Ex. acetaminophen and oxycodone | Additive effects |
| When two drugs administered together interact in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone. Vistaril potentiates the effect of Demerol. | Synergistic effects |
| Combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately. Beta blocker plus a beta stimulant cancel each other out. | Antagonistic effects |
| Antibiotic: broad spectrum, gram +, first choice for meningitis, syphillis | Penicillin's |
| Chemically very similar to Penicillin. If have allergic reaction to Penicillin can also have a reaction to this | Cephalosporin's |
| Used to treat MRSA, adverse reaction includes ototoxicity, administer slowly, poorly absorbed orally | Vancomycin |
| Used to treat GI infections, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Take on empty stomach, no milk products. Decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. | Tetracycline |
| Dilation of arteries and veins. Treat dopamine infiltration sites. Side effect: orthostatic hypotension. A-blocker | Regitine |
| Vasoconstriction | Alpha |
| Muscle activity | Beta |
| Mycoardium, increased HR, increased contraction | B1 |
| Bronchial & Vascular smooth muscles: Bronchial relaxation and arterial dilation to skeletal muscles | B2 |
| Affects rate | Chronotrope |
| Affects force of muscular contraction by activating beta cells | Inotrope |
| The main clinical usage of calcium channel blockers | Decrease blood pressure |
| Calcium channel blockers work by | blocking voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. When Ca+ decreases, Blood pressure decreases |
| Angiotensin II | Potent vasoconstrictor, causes increase in B/P, water retention |
| Reduce arterial pressure by preventing generation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I | Ace Inhibitors |
| Cause decrease in B/P and increased renal perfusion. A persistent dry cough is a relatively common adverse effect. | Ace Inhibitors |
| End in pril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril | Ace Inhibitors |
| Block the binding of angiotensin II to specific tissue receptors in vascular smooth muscle & adrenal glands. Produces decrease in B/P. | Angiotensin II Inhibitors |
| End in olol, propanolol, labetalol. Decrease heart rate and force of contraction. | Beta adrenergic antagonist-Beta blockers |
| A common mnemonic used to describe the physiologic manifestations of atropine overdose is | "hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and mad as a hatter". |
| Reverse cholinergic (parasympathetic) effects. Blocks ACh at receptor sites in smooth muscles, secretory glands, SA & AV nodes & cardiac muscle Ex: Scopolamine-motion sickness, Atropine- treatment for bradycardia | Anticholinergics |
| CNS neurotransmitter, Action: Inhibits excitatory signals produced by ACh. Decrease levels cause tremors (pill rolling) rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia | Dopamine |
| Extensive deterioration of neurons at basal ganglia. | Parkinson's Disease |
| Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, dopamine given as a drug does not directly affect the central nervous system. To increase the amount of dopamine in the brains of patients with diseases such as Parkinson's disease combo therapy is given | Levodopa, precursor to dopamine |
| Treat moderate to severe pain by crossing blood brain barrier | Opioids |
| Major effects of Opioids | Decreased level of consciousness, respiratory depression, orthostatic hypotension, decreased muscle tone, urinary retention |
| Opioid antagonist: Drug used to counter the effects of opioid overdose ex. heroin or morphine overdose | Narcan |
| Produce maximal response (schedule II drugs)Ex: codeine, morphine, demerol, oxycodone | Opioid agonist |
| Activate opioid receptor without causing respiratory depression Ex: stadol, nubain, talwin | Opioid agonist-antagonist |
| Blocks prostaglandins that arise from the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolic pathway. A non-steroidal drug to treat arthritic pain. | Cox 2 Inhibitors |
| Cautions with Cox 2 & NSAIDS | GI bleed, Renal failure, Asthma reaction |
| Hinder future clot formation by inhibiting conversion of prothrombin to thrombin (heparin or lovenox) or reducing amount of vit. K (coumadin) | Anticoagulation |
| Prevents production of TXA2 causes platelet aggregation adn vessel constriction ex: ASA, plavix | Antiplatelet |
| Dissolves thrombi after formation ex: TPA, retavase, used in combo with anticoagulants | Thrombolytic |
| Inhibit platelet aggregation, used as adjunct with ASA & heparin to decrease clot formation ex: Reopro, Integrilin | Glycoprotein IIB/IIA Inhibitors |
| Stimulates gastric acid secretion | Histamine |
| Blocks release of histamine, esp w/stress, stress ulcers, allergic reactions ex: zantac, pepcid | H-2 Blockers |
| Supress gastric acid secretion by irreversibly binding with proton pump system that controls hydrogen ion secretion. Use on high risk patients ex: Prevacid, Prilosec | Proton Pump Inhibitors |
| Used for Asthma, COPD, Anti-inflammatory effect-reduced mucus secretion in respiratory conditions | Corticosteroids |
| Side effects of Corticosteroids | Mask infections, hyperglycemia, slow wound healing |
| Relieve bronchoconstriction, open airway ex: alupent, serevent proventil (inhalers) | Beta Agonists |
| Side effects of Beta Agonists | Tachycardia, headache, angina, muscle tremors |
