| Question | Answer |
| What are the properties of an ideal mask for "Emergency Ventilation"? | Adequate Seal, Transparent, Sized to Patient, Hypo-allergenic, One way valve, Minimal airflow resistance, and Low cost |
| Per AHA what volume of ventilation should the rescuer's provide? | Around 800ml (For Adults) |
| Mouth to Mask device oxygenation is what percent? | 16-18% |
| What is considered adequate tidal volume of a resuscitator bag? | Adult 600ml+, Pediatric 70-300ml, Infant 20-70ml |
| What are the characteristics of an ideal resuscitator bag? | 1. Delivery of adequate tidal volume
2. Delivery of adequate FIO2
3. Self Inflating
4. Feedback of patients resistance and compliance
4. Pressure pop-off
5. Non-rebreathing valve
6. Pressure monitor
7. Attachment for PEEP
8. 15/22mm adapter |
| Delivery of adequate FIO2 depends on? | Construction of bag, O2 flow, O2 reservoir, bag recoil time |
| What is the flow of O2 when using resuscitator bag? | Adults 10-15 LPM & Children 5-10 LPM |
| O2 Reservoirs increase FIO2 by how much? | 85% |
| What are the "Indications" for artificial airways? | SAVO,
1. Suctioning
2. Aspiration
3. Ventilation
4. Obstruction |
| What are the two tools used to establish an (Oropharyngeal) Oral Airways? | Guedel, Berman |
| What is the difference between a Guedel and a Berman? | Guedel has hollow central channel for air passage for a suction catheter and it is pliable, where as the Berman has a groove down either side to guide suction catheter and is of hard plastic |
| Inications of an Oral Airway? | Helps to maintain a patent airway in an unconscious patient |
| What are the contraindications of an Oral Airway? | Not to be used in a conscious patient |
| Hazards of using an Oral Airway? | 1. Gagging or fighting airway
2. Base of tongue pushed back, obstructing airway
3. Epiglottis is pushed to laryngeal area
4. Trauma due to improper insertion |
| What are the 2 contraindications of Intubation? | 1. End stage disease
2. Patient family request
3. Living wills |
| What are the 4 "Indications" of Endotracheal Intubation? | 1. Relief of upper airway obstruction
2. Protection of the airway prevent aspiration
3. To facilitate tracheal suctioning
4. To assist manual or mechanical ventilation
5 OR SAVO |
| How many protective reflexes does the airway have? | 4 |
| What are the 4 protective reflexes? | 1. Pharyngeal Reflex
2. Laryngeal Reflex
3. Tracheal Reflex
4. Carinal Reflex |
| Laryngoscope Handle houses the what? | Batteries |
| Macintosh Blade is curved or straight? | Curved |
| How are Macintosh blades used? | Curved blades are inserted into the vallecula to indirectly lift the epiglottis |
| Miller blades are also known as what? | Wisconsin Blades |
| Miller blades are straight or curved? | Straight |
| How are miller blades used? | Straight blades are placed under the epiglottis to directly LIFT it and allow for visualization of the larynx |
| What are some "Indications" for Rae Tube? | Nasal surgery, Ophthalmic surgery, Facial surgery, T&A surgery |
| What does LMA stand for? | Laryngeal Mask Airway |
| What is an LMA used for? | For use in emergency situations
Provides a patent airway that is usually superior to that of other oro/naso airway
Does not require head positioning
Cuff rests against the upper esophageal sphincter |
| What does PMA stand for? | Perilaryngeal Mask Airway |
| What is a PMA used for? | Displaces glottis and opening sits above larynx and it is newer |
| What are the "Indications" for a Endobronchial tube? | 1. Thoracic surgery
2. Broncho-spirometry
3. Thoracoscopies
4. Differential or selective lung ventilation
5. Lung Lavage |
| What are the immediate complications of endotracheal intubation? | Tooth trauma, laceration of pharynx, esophageal intubation, right mainstem intubation, damage to vocal cords |
| What are the late complications of endotracheal intubation? | Contamination, infection, cough mechanism reduced, damage to the vocal cords, edema, tube occluded with secretions |
| What are the indications of tracheostomy? | 1. bypass upper airways
2. reduce anatomic deadspace by 50%
3. to prevent problems posed by oral and nasal ET tube
4. To allow swallowing and nourishment
5. long term airway care |
| What are the immediate complications of tracheostomy tubes? | 1. Pneumothorax
2. bleeding
3. Thyroid injury
4. patient discomfort
5. subcutaneous emphysema |
| What are the late complications of tracheostomy tubes? | 1. hemorrhage
2. infection
3. airway obstruction
4. tracheoesophogeal fistula
5. interference with swallowing
6. tracheitis |
| Cuff pressure should be kept less than what? | 25 torr |
| Cuff pressure >30torr obstructs what? | Arterial flow (ischemia) |
| Cuff pressure >20torr obstructs what? | Venous flow (congestion) |
| Cuff pressure >5torr obstructs what? | Lymphatic flow (edema) |
| Formula for suction catheters? | (ETT x 3)/2 |
| HME is best used for less than how long? | 96 hours but usually changed every 24 |
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