| Question | Answer |
| What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation? | 3x10^8 m/s (186,000 miles/s)
(Radiography Prep. 237) |
| Bremsstrahlung (Brems) comprises what % of the primary x-ray beam? | 70-90%
(Radiography Prep. 240) |
| Dose Response: Linear response relationship with dose? | Proportional with dose
(Radiography Prep. 244) |
| Dose Response: Nonlinear response relationship with dose? | Not proportional with dose
(Radiography Prep. 244) |
| Dose Response: Threshold response occurs when? | A dose must be received
(Radiography Prep. 244) |
| Dose Response: Non-threshold dosage? | No safe dosage
(Radiography Prep. 244) |
| Describe early effects. | Appear a short time after exposure
Usually High dose, short time period
Shouldn't be seen in diagnostic radiography
(Radiography Prep. 244) |
| Describe late effects. | Can appear years after exposure
Carcinogenesis
Cataractogenesis
Embryologic effect
Life span shortening
(Radiography Prep. 244) |
| Define Nonstochastic/deterministic effects. | Characterized by non-linear dose responses and are associated with a safe threshold below where no effect is observed
Threshold
Nonlinear
Include all early effects
Includes some later effects
(Radiography Prep. 245) |
| Define Stochastic/probabilistic effects. | No threshold
Linear
Genetic effects
Cancer
Includes most late effects
(Radiography Prep. 245) |
| State the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau. | Very young, unidentified cells (nonspecific in structure and function), and cells having the most reproductive activity are highly radiosensitive
(Radiography Prep. 246) |
| What's the direct effect? | Occurs when the ionizing particle interacts directly with the key molecule (DNA)/(RNA). Resulting in impaired function or cell death
(Radiography Prep. 247) |
| What's the indirect effect? | When ionization takes place away from the DNA molecule, in cellular water. Free radicals from radiolysis
(Radiography Prep. 247) |
| What is LET (Linear Energy Transfer)? | Radiation deposits energy as it passes through tissue. The rate which it occurs. As it increases so does its biologic damage.
(Radiography Prep. 249) |
| Fetal irradiation (during the first 2 weeks of gestation) at what dose can cause embryonic resorption or spontaneous abortion? | 250 mGy/25 rad
(Radiography Prep. 250) |
| What are 3 ways to reduce recently fertilized ovum risk? | Elective scheduling/10-day rule
Patient questionnaire
Posting
(Radiography Prep. 251) |
| What is the most radiosensitive cell? | Lymphocyte
(Radiography Prep. 250) |
| What are the 3 types of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)? | Hematopoietic
Gastrointestinal
Central Nervous System
(Radiography Prep. 254) |
| What are the 4 stages of ARS? | Prodromal
Latent
Manifest illness stage
Recovery or death
(Radiography Prep. 255) |
| What are 3 Beam restrictor types? | Aperture diaphragm
Cone/Cylinder
Collimator
(Radiography Prep. 262) |
| Total filtration is composed of what 2 types of filtration? | Inherent + added filtration
(Radiography Prep. 265) |
| What is the purpose of filtration? | Reduce patient skin dose
(Radiography Prep. 265) |
| Tubes operating at >70 kV require how much mm AI equivalent of filtration? | 2.5mm AI equivalent
(Radiography Prep. 266) |
| Gonadal shielding should be used when? | Gonads lie within 5 cm of the collimated field
Patient has reasonable reproductive potential
Diagnostic objectives permit
(Radiography Prep. 267) |
| Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommends personal monitoring for individuals who may receive ________ dose? | 5 mSv (0.50 rem/year)
(Radiography Prep. 281) |
| The exposure must be a ________ type? | Dead-man
(Radiography Prep. 283) |
| What are the 5 types of Personal Radiation Monitors? | Optically Stimulated Luminescence
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
Film badge
Pocket Dosimeter
Ion Storage Device
(Radiography Prep. 298) |
| What is the cumulative dose limit? | Age x 10 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the Annual dose limit? | 50 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the dose limit for students under 18 years of age? | 1 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the dose limit for skin, hands, feet? | 500 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the dose limit for Lens of the Eye? | 150 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the dose limit for Embryo/fetus per MONTH/ | 0.5 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the dose limit for Embryo/fetus during entire gestation? | 5.0 mSv
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the SI unit used to describe absorbed dose? | Gray (Gyt)
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| What is the SI unit of measure to describe effective dose? | Sievert (Sv)
(Radiography Prep. 304) |
| Which NCRP report should radiographers be familar of that establishes limits for exposure to ionizing radiation | Report No. 116 and the CFR
(Radiography Prep. 305) |
| Units of Measurement: The Roentgen (R) is equivalent to? | C/kg
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Units of Measurement: The Rad is equivalent to? | Gy (Absorbed dose)
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Units of Measurement: The Rem is equivalent to? | Sv (Effective dose)
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Lead Aprons | Minimum= .25 mm Pb/eg
>70kV? .50
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Gloves | .25
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Thyroid Shields | .5
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Glasses | .35
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Bucky Slot Covers | .25
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Fluoroscopy Drapes | .25
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Minimum Lead Equivalent: Clear lead-plastic overhead protective barrier | .5
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| What is the Genetically Significant Dose? | Average annual gonadal dose of individuals of childbearing age; relationship of gonadal dose of individuals vs. entire population
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| A TLD consists of what? | Lithium Fluoride
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| An OSL consists of? | Aluminum oxide crystals
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Film badges keep what type of record? | Permanent record
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| Pocket Ionization Chamber consist of what and allow for what type of readout? | Gas chamber
Immediate readout
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| How long should the portable x-ray cord be? | 6 feet
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| How long is the cumulative fluoro timer? | 5 minutes
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| What is the minimum SSD for a fixed fluoro unit? | 15 inches
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
| What is the minimum SSD for a mobile fluoro unit? | 12 inches
(Unit 4 Conversion Activity Worksheet, 2021) |
