| Term | Definition |
| Literary tradition | a language that is written as well as spoken |
| Quentin Atkinson | New Zealand biologist – argues that languages originated in Africa because they are more complex in Africa than outside of Africa |
| Quechan | most widely used language family in the western hemisphere other than Indo-European - Andes Mountains |
| UN official and working languages | Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish |
| Franglais | French and English |
| Spanglish | Spanish and English |
| Denglish | German and English |
| Received Pronunciation | standard language of England |
| Catalan | language of Andorra |
| Balear | dialect spoken in Balearic Islands |
| Galician | dialect or different language than Portuguese? |
| Switzerland official languages | German, French, Italian, Romansh |
| Belgium south | Walloons - French
Wallonia |
| Belgium north | Flemings - Flemish
Flanders |
| Basque | Europe's only isolated language
Pyrenees Mountains |
| Icelandic | not isolated - North Germanic
has changed less than any other Germanic |
| Welsh | Brythonic Celtic
official language in Wales |
| Cornish | Brythonic Celtic
revived in Cornwall, UK |
| Breton | Brythonic Celtic
Brittany, France
Declining language |
| Irish | Goidelic Celtic
Ireland |
| Scottish Gaelic | Goidelic Celtic
Scotland |
| Eliezer Ben-Yehuda | revived Hebrew, created over 4,000 new words |
| Myaaima | Miami Native American Tribe, revived by Daryl Baldwin |