| Question | Answer |
| Piece of genetic material produced by transcription | mRNA |
| _____ are found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis | chloroplasts |
| What cellular organelle is the site of catabolic pathway leading to cellular energy production? | mitochondrion |
| Where intracellular digestion takes place | lysosomes |
| The 2 types of cells | prokaryotic & eukaryotic |
| _________ are membrane-enclosed structures that have various functions depending of cell type. | vacuoles |
| Every group of 3 bases along the stretch of RNA | codon |
| Process of asexual reproduction associated with cell division in which the cell pinches in two, forming two separate identical cells (not associated with mitosis) | cytokinesis |
| Progeny | offspring |
| 2 distinct phases of meiosis that result in 4 daughter cells | meiosis one, meiosis two |
| The 2 stages of photosynthesis | light reactions & calvin cycle |
| What are the 4 most important molecules that are significant in biology? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| C6H1206 + 602 ----> 6C02 + 6H20 is the balanced equation for ________. | cellular respiration |
| ________ is the ability of water to bond to or attract other molecules or substances. | adhesion |
| 2 alternate genetic traits for every version of a gene | alleles |
| genetic material of a cell; vehicle of inheritance | DNA |
| ______ are long chains, or polymers of sugars. These have main purposes as storage, structure and energy. | carbohydrates |
| __________ of a molecule is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 degree Celsius. | specific heat |
| ______ acts as a reducing agent and is the vehicle of stored energy. | reduced NADH |
| Components of cells | organelles |
| _______ are types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes. | enzymes |
| Device that predicts genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction | punnett square |
| _______ contain all material for the regeneration of the cell. | chromosomes |
| ______ is the most important component of a cell and it contributes protection, communication and the passage of substances into and out of the cell. | cellular membrane |
| The _______ stage of photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy | light reactions |
| The fundamental unit of biology | cell |
| ______ is the ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance. | cohesion |
| List the hierarchic system of organization | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Family tree that traces the occurrence of a certain trait through several generation | pedigree |
| What happens in binary fission? | the chromosome binds to the plasma membrane where it replicates, then as the cell grows, it pinches into 2, producing 2 identical cells. |
| Where the anticodon is located | tRNA |
| What are 2 types of asexual reproduction? | binary fission & mitosis |
| the stage of mitosis when chromosomes start to separate. In this phase the chromatids are considered separate chromosomes. | anaphase |
| Glycolysis takes place in the _______ of a cell & produces 2 molecules each of: ATP, pyruvate & NADH | cytosol |
| What traits will be expressed | phenotype |
| Guanine bonds with ________ | cytosine |
| Protein synthesis of DNA begins with _______ | transcription |
| During this phase of meiosis one, nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross at numerous locations. | prophase I |
| Bound ribosomes are found on _______ and free ribosomes are found in ______. | ER; cytoplasm |
| The stage of mitosis when all of the chromosomes align along the center of the cell | metaphase |
| This type of asexual reproduction involves bacterial cells | binary fission |
| Darwin introduced evolution in ______ | 1859 |
| Darwin proposed that current species arose from a process called "____________" | decent with modification |
| ______ fats are solid at room temperature and _____ are liquid. | saturated; unsaturated |
| Cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles that carry out the functions of the cell. More complex cell type | eukaryotic |
| The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. | metabolism |
| ______ are also known as fats or fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids. | lipids |
| ________ functions as a messenger from the original DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in cytosol or rough ER | mRNA |
| Year that Watson & Crick described the structure of DNA | 1953 |
| Which of the following biologic macromolecules are most important to the cellular membrane? a) steroids b) proteins c) carbohydrates d) phospholipids | D- phospholipids |
| The packaging, processing and shipping organelle that functions to transport materials from the ER throughout the cell. | golgi apparatus |
| In the election transport chain, for every _____ molecule, 28-32 _____ molecules can be produced. | glucose; ATP |
| Cells that have no defined nucleus and a series of organelles that carry out the functions of the cell. | prokaryotic |
| ______ are organelles that read RNA produced in the nucleus | ribosomes |
| In which organelle does transcription begin? | nucleus |
| The first of the organelles which holds the DNA of the cell in masses called chromosomes | nucleus |
| ER that functions in detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules | Smooth ER |
| _____ is the molecule that is used as the currency of the cell. | ATP |
| The type of asexual reproduction that occurs in 5 stages | mitosis |
| The stage of mitosis when chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell. | telophase |
| The stages of meiosis one | prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I |
| _______ is the fatty acid associated with membranes and are precursors to hormones. | Steroids |
| Process of cell division in sexual reproduction of a cell | meiosis |
| ______ are the larges biological molecules. | proteins |
| The combo of alleles | genotype |
| What are the 2 distinct organelles that produce cell energy? | mitochondrion & choloroplast |
| Fats that are generally considered detrimental to health | saturated fats |
| 5 stages of mitosis | prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| An organism with alleles of opposite types | heterozygous |
| 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy ----> C6H1206 + 6O2 is the equation for _________, which is the opposite of cellular respiration. | photosynthesis |
| ________ are lipids that are categorized as saturated or unsaturated. | fatty acid |
| If a dominant allele is present, the phenotype expressed will be _______ | dominant |
| The chemical process that concerts CO2 into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. | photosynthesis |
| The first step of cellular respiration; this step is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. | glycolysis |
| 2 types of simple traits | dominant & recessive |
| What substance makes life possible? | water |
| What type of cellular reproduction do bacteria undergo? | binary fission |
| ER covered with ribosomes that is responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production | Rough ER |
| ______ can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars and nucleic acids | lysosomes |
| Study of heredity | genetics |
| Stage of meiosis when chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division | interphase |
| Proteins are polymers of 20 ________. | amino acids |
| Adenine bonds with _______ | thymine |
| Water has a ______ specific heat value | high |
| _______ fats contain no double bonds in their hydrogen tail. | saturated |
| The phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes begin to attach tot he spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell | prometaphase |
| The significant differences between meiosis and mitosis occur in _______ | prophase I |
| Cells with a ______ rate of protein synthesis have a ______ number of ribosomes. | high/large |
| The reaction that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and for every 1 glucose molecule consumed, 2 ATP molecules, 6 CO2 molecules and 6 NADH molecules are produced. | Krebs cycle |
| This occurs int he 3rd step of cellular respiration. it is when oxidation of NADH molecules produce oxygen and finally produce water. | electron transport chain |
| ______ are the most significant contributor to cellular function. | proteins |
| What is the most important characteristic of water? | polarity of the hydrogen-oxygen bonds |
| What is the only way a trait can be recessive? | if both alleles are recessive |
| The 2 categories of cellular respiration | sexual and asexual |
| _______ are found in most eukaryotic cells and are the site of cell respiration. | mitochondria |
| The hierarchic system of organization is most inclusive (broadest) as _____ and as least as _____. | kingdom; species |
| tRNA is stopped by a | stop codon |
| What is the probability that a recessive trait would be expressed in offspring if 2 parents who are both heterozygous for the desired trait were crossed? | 25% |
| After the first ______, meiosis two begins | cytokinesis |
| Stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are visibly separate, and each duplicated chromosome has 2 noticeable sister chromatids | prophase |
| An organism with alleles of the same type | homozygous |
