| Question | Answer |
| Universalizing Religion | A religion that espouses the idea that there is one true religion for all people |
| City Center | Preferred locale of wealthy residency in European cities |
| Rimland Theory | Geopolitical theory that identifies a political power base on the coastal fringes of Eurasia which will eventually dominate the entire world |
| Caste System | Fixed social class system in India (historic) |
| Russian Federation | Largest multinational state |
| Breaking Point | The boundary between two trade areas in the retail gravitation model |
| Remote Sensing | Gathering of data from satellites for cartographic purposes |
| Agriculture | Method of diffusion of the indo-European languages according to the Anatolian Hearth Theory |
| Census Tracts | Divisons of cities used by the Census Bureau in the U.S. of approximately 5000 people - Often used in GIS |
| Islam | Fastest growing religion |
| Stimulus Diffusion | Diffusion of an underlying principle rather than the intended feature |
| Mercator Projection | Map projection formed by placing a cylinder around a globe - Useful for sea travel |
| Rust Belt | Term for the old industrial northeastern part of the U.S. |
| Oil Shale | Abundant orm of petroleum found in Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado |
| Boswash (Core Area of the U.S.) | The region from Boston to Washingotn, D.C. in which 1/4 of the U.S. population lives on 2% of the land area |
| Gateway Cities | Cities that act as ports of entry and distribution centers |
| Self-Sufficiency Model | Approach to economic development that makes investment across all sectors of the economy and sets barriers to international trade |
| Israel | Hearth of Christianity |
| Theravada | Branch of Buddhism dominant in Southeast Asia - Followers believe in giving up worldly goods and living as monks |
| Plutonium | Product (other than electricity) produced by a breeder reactor |
| Dot Distribution | Type of map that uses dots to represent a given value of a characteristic in order to show its distribution and concentration |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | 1948 UN document that declares, among other things, that everyone has a right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution |
| Leapfrog Development | Development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually to take advantage of less expensive land |
| Absolute Location | Mathematical or grid location such as formed by latitude and longitude or townships and ranges |
| Esperanto | An inverted language of the twentieth century based on Latin that was intended to become a world language |
| Immigration | Migration to a place |
| Biased Innovation | Innovations (or diseases) that are less (or more) accessible to people of certain gender, class, age, or ethnicity |
| Ramadan | Month of fasting for Muslims |
| Sunni, Shiites/Shia | Two branches of Islam |
| State | Basic political unit that includes a population, territory, and sovereignty |
| Acculturation | Change in a less developed society that results from contact with a more developed society |
| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Chernobyl, Ukraine | Location of the 1986 nuclear accident |
| Mandarin Chinese | Language spoken by the largest number of people |
| Randstad | Dutch megalopolis which encloses an open space called the Green Heart |
| Lumbini (Nepal) | Birthplace of Prince Siddhartha |
| Straight Line | Usual shape of a geometric boundary |
| Siva/Shiva | The destroyer god in Hinduism (not seen as evil) |
| Economic, Social, Demographic | Three types of factors used to calculate HDI |
| Spring Wheat | Wheat that is planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer |
| Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth |
| Carrying Capacity | Capacity of an environment to support a population |
| Return to Nature | Means of achieving harmony in society according to Daoism |
| West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights | Three territories over which the Palestinians have some autonomy |
| Natural Events | What ethnic religious holidays are usually based on |
| Map Projection | Transferring the image of the globe onto a flat sheet of paper |
| Emigration | Migration away from a place (Exiting) |
| Milkshed | The market area for fresh milk |
| Sex Ratio | The number of males per 100 females in an area |
| Sino-Tibetan | Second largest language family |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | A central city in the U.S. of at least 50,000, the county within which the city is located, and the adjacent counties which have a functional connection to the city |
| Decreased need for farmers | Principle push factor in urbanization |
| Formal Region | A region in which the characteristic(s) apply throughout |
| Irredentism | Enclave of a nation into a territory of another state |
| Vernacular Region | A perceptual region defined by locals such as the American South |
| Command & Control Centers | Cities that are headquarters of large corporations |
| Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) | Comparions measure calculated using variations in the economic and political inclusion of the female populations in different areas (first emphasized internationally in the 1990s) |
| Livestock Ranching | Type of agriculture often practiced in MDCs in the same climate as pastoral nomadism in LDCs |
| Subsequent Boundary | A boundary drawn during the course of development of the cultural landscape |
| Zoroastrianism | Monotheistic religion that developed in Southwest Asia about 3500 years ago |
| Mixed Use Development | A new kind of zoning classification that stresses location of residential and commercial uses in close proximity and a greater density so people can walk to work, stores, and schools |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing political districts to the advantage or disadvantage of a particular group |
| Jesus | Founder of Christianity |
| Gravity Model | A model used to predict spatial interaction, where size (population) is directly related to interaction and distance is inversely related to interaction |
| Russia/Kazakhstan | Hearth of the Indo-European languages according to the Kurgan Hearth Theory |
| Migration Stream | A well-defined migration channel fro ma specific origin to a particular destination |
| Cultural Landscape | Man's imprint on the natural landscape |
| Taliban | Fundamentalism group that took control of Afghanistan after the Soviet Army withdrew from the country |
| Pidgin Language | Simplified form of a language used by non-native speakers |
| Bipolar World | Term for the world of the Cold War which pitted NATO against the Warsaw Pact |
| Barrio | A city neighborhood which is predominantly occupied by Latinos |
| Eratosthenes | First person to use the term "geography" who calculated the circumference of the Earth to within 0.05% |
| Sustainability | Restraint in the use of natural resources to ensure enough resources reamin for future generations |
| Camp David Accords | Peace agreement mediated by President Jimmy Carter between Israel and Egypt |
| Language Divergence | The differentiation of languages over time and space in which, through isolation, dialects become distinct languages |
| Brain Drain | The mass emigration of talented people |
| Containerized Shipping | Highly efficient method of shipping that uses steel boxes to ship goods that are easily transferred from ship to rail to truck |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | Diffusion from a node of authority |
| Textile and Iron | Frist industries of the Industrial Revolution |
| Range & Threshold | Two factors used to determine the extent of a market |
| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features |
| Bulk-Reducing Industries | Industries that are ideally located near their input materials |
| Aquaculture | Growing crops on water in limited space |
| English | Language most widely (spatially) spoken |
| Jean Gottman | Person who identified the U.S. megalopolis, Boswash |
| Non-Basic Industries | Industries that sell primarily within their regions |
| Evangelical Religion | A religion which has a mandate to convert others |
| Exclave | Territory belonging to a particular country that is not attached to the country and is not an island such as Alaska and Kalingrad |
| 1 Country, 2 Systems | Chinese government policy regarding Hong Kong |
| Contagious Diffusion | Christianity's diffusion (type) through contact between believers and non-believers |
| Lingua Franca | Commonly used language of trade |
| International Migration | Migration from country to country |
| Gregorian | Type of calendar used by the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches |
| Frontier | An area between two states that is not completely controlled by either |
| Hexagons | Shape used in Central Place Theory to show market areas |
| Tobler's First Law of Geography | "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant thing." |
| Spatial Divergence | Segregation between two factors (groups) |
| Carl Saeur (Cultural Landscape Guy) | Person who developed the Multiple Hearths Theory of Agriculture |
| Baptist | Largest Protestant denomination in the U.S. |
| Standard Language | A recognized or official language in an area |
| Faith, Prayer, Giving, Fasting, Pilgrimage | Five Pillars of Faith |
| Gospels | First four books of the New Testament - Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John - About the life and teachings of Jesus |
| French | Language of Quebec |
| South Asia | Hearth of Buddhism |
| Elizer Ben-Yehuda | Author of the first modern Hebrew dictionary |
| Meiji | Japanese dynasty that made Shinto the official religion - A political cult developed in which the emperor was seen as divine |
| Longevity Gap | The greater average life expectancy of women compared to men |
| Extinct Languages | Languages no longer in daily usage |
| Nation | A group of people united by a common culture |
| Martin Luther | Leader of the Protestant Reformation |
| New Urbanism | Movement by architects and planners to build more traditional neighborhoods that foster a sense of community - These neighborhoods emphasize people, not cars |
| Wasted Vote | Type of gerrymandering in which a group is broken up so it is ia minority in many districts |
| 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act | 1986 Act of the U.S. congress that set up a procedure for allowing undocumented workers to become citizens and the stricter documentation of workers |
| Demographic Transition | The process of population change over time |
| Animism | Belief that spirits are in animate and inanimate objects |
| Seasonal Mobility | A type of circulation mobility in which people move in a cyclical pattern |
| Feng Shui | Placement of buildings and objects within buildings in patterns that are in harmony with nature - LIterally means "wind-water" |
| Social Area Analysis | Comparison of characteristics such as income, education, and ethnicity in urban areas, often using GIS |
| Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) | Offshore territory claimed by states for their exclusive economic gain |
| Reaping, Threshing, Cleaning | Three steps in harvesting wheat |
| Urbanization | Interregional migration to cities |
| Popular Culture | Customs of a large heterogeneous group that diffuse widely, creating a uniform landscape; varies mostly with time |
| Relief Map | Type of map that shows differences in elevation, usually using isolines |
| Gould & White | Authors of mental maps |
| Suburban Sprawl | The spreading of residency into the outlying regions of a city |
| Racism | Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities |
| Great Schism | Event that split the Catholic Church in 1054 |
| Vernacular Languages | Everyday languages spoken by the people in an area |
| Nationality | One's identification with a group of people who share legal attachment and allegiance to a particular country |
| Eco-Migration | Type of migration in which people move away from environmental disasters |
| Sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church | Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Extreme Unction, Matrimony, Holy Orders |
| Balkanization/Devolution | Factors that influence the breakup of a state from within |
| Sale | Purpose of commercial agriculture |
| Time-Space compression | Term for the reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distance place |
| Export-Processing Zones | Zones in many LDCs which attract foreign investment that include easy access to distribution facilities, tax exemptions, and lack strict environmental regulations |
| Spatial Interaction | The interdependence of places which occurs through networks in which people, ideas, and goods move between places |
| Cultural Ecology | Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships |
| Language Convergence | The transculturation (cultural borrowing) of languages that occurs through interaction |
| Location | The position of anything on Earth's surface which can be described using toponym, site, situation, or mathematical grid |
| Political Geography | The study of the formal regions organized by governments |
| Uranium | Fuel used in nuclear fission |
| Deglomeration | The movement of businesses out of the city center as costs rise above the agglomeration benefits |
| British Received Pronunciation (BRP) | The standard form of English spoken in London by upper-class Britons and at Cambridge and Oxford |
| Tokyo-Nagoya-Osaka | World's largest megalopolis |
| U.S., Israel | Top two countries for Jewish populations |
| Li | Correct behavior (good citizenship) in Confucianism |
| Sri Lanka | Only part of South Asia where Buddhism is still a dominant religion |
| Threshold | Minimum number of people needed to support a service |
| Dalai Lama | The spiritual leader of the Tibetan Buddhists who lives in exile in India since the chinese takeover of Tibet |
| Jutland (Denmark) | Origin of the English Language |
| Medina | Name of Yathrib today - It means "City of the Prophet" |
| Imperialism | Control of an inhabited territory organized by indigenous people |
| Concentration | The spread of a characteristic in a given locale - it can be clustered or dispersed |
| Nation-Building | Use of armed forces in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy |
| Malcolm X | Founder of the Organization of Afro-American Unity |
| Distance Decay | The diminishing density of a characteristic in an outward direction from the core toward the periphery |
| Bumiputera | Malaysia's government policy which attempts to achieve harmony by integrating the Malay into the economic mainstream with an affirmative action type program |
| Perforated | South Africa's state shape |
| Place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic |
| Annexation | The process of including new areas within a city |
| Lean Production System | Another name for the JIT "pull" manufacturing system |
| Celtic | Original languages of the British Isles |
| Temples | Hindu shrines to particular gods |
| Doubling Time | The number of years it takes the population to double |
| World Systems Theory | A core-periphery model of the spatial distribution of economic
power – The core is made up of the strong states and the
periphery is made up of the weak states |
| Pastoral Nomadism | Type of agriculture practiced in dry climates in less developed regions of the world |
| Segregation Index | A number between 0 and 1 showing the degree of separation between two groups (lack of interaction) |
| Permanent Relocation Diffusion | Christianity's diffusion (type) through the migration of believers |
| Race | Identity with a group who share a common biological ancestor |
| Kyoto Protocol | International agreement to limit greenhouse gases |
| Counter-Urbanization | Interregional migration to rural areas |
| Dravidians | Indigenous Indians |
| Primate City Rule | Hierarchical pattern of the distribution of cities in which the largest city is more than twice the size of the second largest city |
| Hagar | Abraham's second wife and the mother of the Muslim people |
| Chicago | City where the three classic models of urban structure were developed |
| Increased need for secondary & tertiary workers | Principle pull factor in urbanization |
| 38th Parallel | Boundary between North and south Korea |
| Johannesburg-Pretoria | South African megalopolis |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | A functional urban area of at least 50,000 in the U.S. |
| Social Distance | The likelihood that two groups will interact |
| Easter | Christian celebration of Jesus' resurrection |
| Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) | Economic alliance of communist countries that was disbanded in the 1990s |
| Topographic Map | Type of map that shows physical features |
| Ghetto | A region within a city in which a particular ethnic group dominates and creates and ethnic landscape - Originally an area set aside for Jews in European cities |
| Nation-State | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| Mixed Crop & livestock | Type of agriculture practiced in MDCs in which there is an integration of crops and livestock |
| Signed, but not ratified | Status of the U.S. regarding the Kyoto Protocol |
| Demographic Accounting Equation | Formula used to predict how much a population will grow (Population + Births - Deaths + Immigration - Emigration) |
| Sequent Occupancy | Whittlesey's concept that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape |
| Makkah (Mecca) | Birthplace of Muhammad |
| Rostow's 5 Stage Model (Modernization) | Traditional Society, Preconditions for Take-Off, Take-Off, Drive to Maturity, Age of Mass Consumption |
| Transculturation | Cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come in close contact |
| Bid-Rent Theory | Theory that explains one pattern of urban land-use and that businesses are willing to pay the highest rents in the CBD and less and less toward the periphery |
| Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) | Comparison measure calculated using income, literacy, education ,and life expectancy differences in the male and female populations |
| Nelson Mandela | Leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and first black president of South Africa |
| Superimposed Boundary | Forcibly drawn boundary across a unified cultural landscape |
| Agricultural Density | Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land |
| Demography | Scientific study of population |
| (Weber's) Least Cost Theory | Explanation of the optimal location of a factory as one that minimizes the costs of the transportation of raw material and finished goods as well as labor |
| UN Convention of Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | International agreement that sets national offshore claims at 12 miles and the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) at 200 miles |
| Multinational State | A state with two or more ethnic groups which have a tradition of self-determination, such as the U.K. |
| Folk Culture | Customs of small homogeneous rural groups that remain unique through relative isolation; varies mostly with place |
| Asoka | Emperor who adopted Buddhism and hierarchically diffused the religion in South Asia |
| Mental Mapping | The process whereby we think spatially, producing mental images of space which allows us to navigate and to communicate about the relative position of things in space |
| Activity Space | The space within which daily activity takes place |
| 1.0 (100%) | Highest possible HDI |
| Debt-for-Nature Swap | The forgiving of LDC debt by MDCs in return for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices |
| Dutch Edge Cities (not the same as an edge city) | Cities along the edge of the Green Heart in the Netherlands |
| Multiethnic State | A state with more than one ethnic group such as Belgium (Flemish & Waloons) |
| Mediterranean | Type of agriculture practiced in Southern Europe which often includes horticulture |
| Decrease Discharges, Increase Environmental Capacity | Two ways of reducing pollution |
| Model "S" Curve | The shape that "J" curve becomes when considering Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model |
| Intervening Opportunity | The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of places farther away |
| Mormons | Member sof the Church of Jesus Christ of Later Day Saints |
| Hinterland (Market Area) | Nodal region surrounding a central place in which the central place provides services |
| Homer Hoyt | Economist who developed the Sector Model of Urban Structure |
| Language | The communication system of a group of people |
| Antarctica | Only large landmass not a part of a sovereign state |
| French & Flemish | Two languages of Belgium |
| Roman Catholicism | Predominant religion in Ireland |
| Hearth | A node of the origination of an innovation |
| One Child Policy | China's anti-natalist policy |
| Christianity | Largest religion |
| Nomothetic | Facts and features that are universal |
| United Nations | Organization that calculates HDI |
| Farsi | Iranian language |
| Net Migration | The mathematical difference between immigration and emigration |
| Tertiary Sector | Economic sector that includes the provision of goods and services and information processing |
| Taiwan | Home of the Nationalist Chinese |
| "Enlightened One" | Meaning of "Buddha" |
| Colonia | Mexican squatter settlement |
| Language Family | A collection languages related through a common ancestor that existed before recorded history (ex. Indo-European) |
| Dependent Centers | Cities that provide relatively unskilled labor and depend on world cities for economic health |
| Overpopulation | The inability of the resources and economic system in an area to meet the needs of the population |
| Nation of Islam | Muslim sect founded in Detroit |
| Sect | A breakaway group from a religion such as the Branch Davidians |
| Kashmir | Territory in India made up of a majority of Muslims, many of whom would like to be part of Pakistan |
| Aozou Strip | Disputed territory between Libya and Chad |
| Relic Boundary | A boundary that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape |
| Clustered Rural Settlements | Village surrounded by fields (where most people still live today) |
| World Cities | Cities that are centers of the flow of information and capital |
| Site | The physical characteristics of a place |
| Brahma | The creator god in Hinduism |
| Suitcase Farmer | A farmer who lives in an urban area during most of the year, but lives on the farm during planting and harvest times |
| Hindus & Muslims | Two principle ethnic/religious groups in South Asia |
| Missouri | Location of the geographic population center of the U.S. today called the centroid |
| Prorupted | Namibia's state shape |
| Primary Map Data | Map data collected by the researcher |
| Ebonics | African-American dialect |
| Political Map | Type of map that shows cities, provinces, counties, and countries |
| Nagomo-Karabakh | Region in Azerbaijan in which the majority of people are Armenian Christians who would rather be part of Armenia |
| Fundamentalism | Revivalism of basic beliefs and the strict following of those beliefs |
| Organization of American States (OAS) | International organization of American states that promotes social, cultural, and economic links |
| Heartland Theory | Geopolitical theory that identifies a political power base in the heart of Eurasia which will eventually dominate the entire world |
| Filtering | The process in which large houses are subdivided to be rented to low-income people |
| New York, London, Tokyo | Three Tier 1 World Cities - Major stock-exchanges are located in these cities |
| Gentrification | The process of middleclass people renovating deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods for their own use |
| Iraq, Iran, North Korea | Axis of Evil identified by President George W. Bush |
| Migration Stream | The continuous flow and return flow of migrants from a particular place to a particular place |
| Bosporus Strait | Body of water that separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey |
| Density | Frequency of a characteristic in a given locale |
| Cyrillic | Alphabet used to write Russian |
| Central Places | Market centers that are centrally located and compete with each other |
| Syncretism | The fusion of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique hybrid trait such as the blending of Islam and Hinduism in the Sikh Faith |
| Mount Kailas | Source of the Ganges River where Siva lives |
| Al-Qaeda | Terrorist group responsible for the attacks in the U.S. on 9/11/2001 |
| Land, Labor, Capital | Economic Site Factors |
| Siddhartha Gautama | The Buddha Prince |
| Fragmented | Indonesia's state shape |
| Dome of the Rock | Holiest site in Jerusalem for Muslims |
| Suburbanization | Interregional migration to the outlying communities around a city |
| Territorial Morphology | A state's geographic shape which can have a decisive impact on its spatial cohesion and political viability |
| Jim Crow Laws | U.S. segregation laws |
| Forward Capital | A capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border - It confirms the state's determination to maintain its presence in the region |
| Western Europe, Western Hemisphere, East Asia | Three major trading blocks |
| Unitary | System of government in which most power rests with the central government |
| Monaco | Smallest UN member |
| Anthropogenic | Human-induced environmental change such as global warming |
| Post-Fordist | System of manufacturing in which workers are given a variety of tasks to perform |
| Ethnic Cleansing | The process in which a dominant group removes a less powerful group by force in order to create an ethnically pure territory |
| Balance of Power | The formation of alliances of approximately equal military power that tends to prevent conflict |
| Vishnu | The preserver god in Hinduism |
| Global Warming & Acid Rain | Two negative consequences of burning fossil fuels |
| Julian | Type of calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Geography | The scientific study of the locations of people and activities across Earth's surface and the reasons for their distribution |
| Chloropeth Map | Type of map that uses various colors to show the variations in the levels of certain characteristics |
| Balto-Slavic | Language branch to which Ukrainian belongs |
| Ataturk | Founder of modern Turkey |
| Consumer, Business, Public | Three types of services |
| Ethnic Religion | Regional religions or those associated with a particular group that do not attempt to convert people |
| Ethical Monotheism | Jewish belief in only one god which emphasized proper conduct |
| Megalopolis | An area in which urban areas have grown together |
| Sustainable Agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimizes pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of pesticides and herbicides |
| US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico | Largest remaining colony |
| Value of Yield & Transportation Cost | Two factors used to determine crop choice according to von Thunen's Model |
| Capital-Intensive Agriculture | Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods |
| Proto Indo-European | Theoretical ancient language that became the Indo-European languages |
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam - Considered to be the last and greatest prophet of God |
| Four Asian Dragons | Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea |
| Smart Growth | Legislation and regulations which limit sprawl and preserve prime agricultural land |
| Ethnic Landscape | That part of the cultural landscape that can be attributed to a particular ethnic group |
| Friction of Distance | The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance |
| Planned Agricultural Economy | The agricultural system of communist countries in which the government controls production and distribution |
| 1970s | Decade that stagnant demand became an issue in the global economy |
| Core Area | The largest population cluster of a nation-state |
| Plantations | Type of agriculture practiced in LDCs in which specialty crops are grown by companies owned by MDCs or export to MDCs |
| Dialect | A variation of a language spoken in a particular region or by a particular group (e.g. American Midland South) |
| Franglais | Diffusion of English into French |
| Geopolitics | The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur |
| Roman Empire | Height of political unity in the ancient world |
| Green Revolution | The third agricultural revolution in which high-yield seeds were developed and agricultural science and technology was diffused from MDCs to LDCs |
| League of Nations | Organization replaced by the UN |
| Hebrew | Revived language of the modern-day state of Israel |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita | Economic factor used to calculate HDI |
| Hydrogen | Fuel used in nuclear fusion |
| Pull Factors | Motivations to move to a place |
| Pyrenees Mountains | The location in Europe where Basque is spoken |
| Branch | A major division within a religion, such as Protestant |
| Winter Wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer |
| Isogloss | A word-usage boundary |
| Japan's Rice Bowl | Japan's Tohoku region (in the north) |
| Social | Type of factors that Louis Wirth used to define an urban area |
| Transmigration Program | Government program in Indonesia that provides incentives for people to move from densely populated islands to less densely populated ones |
| Agriculture | The deliberate modification of Earth's surface through the Cultivation of plants and the rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain |
| Life Expectancy | Demographic factor used to calculate HDI |
| Spanglish | Diffusion of English into Spanish |
| Contagious Diffusion | Rapid widespread diffusion |
| Push Factors | Motivations to move away from a place |
| Jesus' Death | The atonement for Christians' sins |
| Excess Votes | Type of gerrymandering in which pockets of a particular group are packed into as few districts as possible |
| Consumption | Purpose of subsistence agriculture |
| Shatterbelt | Region caught between stronger, colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress and often fragmented by aggressive rivals - Eastern Europe is an example |
| Devolution | The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government |
| Somalia | African country in which six major clans have been waging a civil war resulting in a complete breakdown of government - Blackhawk Down took place here |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | Free trade agreement between Mexico, the U.S., and Canada |
| Conquest & Missionaries | Means of the diffusion of Islam |
| Quran (Koran) | Holy book of Islam |
| Secondary Map Data | Map data obtained from published sources like the Census Bureau and PRB |
| Situation | The relative location of a place |
| Development | The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology |
| Federal | System of government in which most power rests with the national and provincial governments |
| Sidewalk Farmer | A farmer who lives in an urban area and makes frequent trips to the farm to tend the crops |
| Vulgar Latin | Language spoken by the Roman soldiers in the provinces |
| Scale | Term for the size of an area studied from local to global |
| Map Scale | The relationship of a map size to the real-world |
| Hijra | Muhammad's emigration to Yathrib in 622 |
| Relocation Diffusion (Migration) | Usual method for the diffusion of languages |
| Euro | Common currency of many EU member countries |
| "The Loop" | Chicago's CBD |
| Assimilation | The incorporation of a less developed society into a more developed society |
| Saudi Arabia | Hearth of Islam |
| Lao-Zi (Lao Tse) | Founder of Daoism |
| Yamase | Cold Japanese winds that hamper the rice harvest |
| Strict Lunar Calendar | Type of calendar used in Islam |
| Chain Migration | The process in which members of a family or a particular group migrate to the same locale |
| Sarah | Abraham's first wife and the mother of the Jewish people |
| Multinational State | States in which 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination coexist |
| E.W. Burgess | Sociologist who developed the Concentric Zone Model of Urban Structure |
| Wallerstein's World Systems Model | Core-periphery model of the distribution of economically strong countries and economically dependent countries |
| Circulation Mobility | Reoccurring mobility |
| Thomas Malthus | Author of An Essay on the Principles of Population which predicted that food supplies would not be able to grow fast enough to keep up with population growth |
| Scatter Plot | A graph showing the correlation between two variables |
| Green Line (not a frontier) | UN zone separating the Turks and Greeks in Cyprus |
| Anatolian Peninsula (Modern-Day Turkey) | Hearth of the Indo-European languages according to the Anatolian Hearth Theory |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| Secondary Sector | Economic sector that includes manufacturing |
| Yom Kippur | Jewish Day of Atonement |
| Human Geography | The scientific study of where and why human activities are located where they are |
| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past (ex. West Germanic) |
| Functional Region | A region in which the characteristic(s) radiates from a node |
| Eastern Orthodoxy | Dominant Branch of Christianity in Russia |
| Bethlehem | Birthplace of Jesus |
| Western Wall | Holiest site in Jerusalem for Jews |
| Latin | Base language of the Romance languages |
| Centrifugal Force | A force that divides people |
| Shifting Cultivation | Type of agriculture that includes slash adn burn |
| Sudan | African country in which more than two million people have died in the recent civil war between Muslims and non-Muslims |
| Range | Maximum distance people will travel for a service |
| Pagodas | Buddhist buildings containing relics believed to be part of Buddha's body or clothing |
| Primary Sector | Economic sector that includes farming and mining |
| Color | The only racial trait that geographers are concerned with because it is/has been a primary way in which many societies sort out where they reside, attend school, recreate, and so on |
| Interregional Migration | Migration from region to region |
| Hutus & Tutsis | Two rival ethnic groups in Central Africa that have engaged in ethnic cleansing |
| Shinto | Ethnic religion of Japan |
| Filters harmful UV rays | Important function of the ozone layer |
| Pre-Colonial, Colonial, Independence | Three stages of development of cities in many LDCs |
| Globalization | Something becoming worldwide in scope |
| Organic Theory | Geopolitical theory that states that states need to grow or they will die |
| Indonesia | World's most fragmented state - It also has the highest number of Muslims |
| Intensive Subsistence Farming | Type of agriculture that often includes rice and production in less developed regions |
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | Computer systems that process geographic data, usually to make layered maps (thematic layers) showing the correlation between various characteristics |
| Natural Increase Rate (NIR) | Percentage by which a population grows in a year |
| Intraregional Migration | Migration within the same region |
| Ravenstein | Formulated the 11 Laws of Migration |
| Low-Order Central Place | A central place with a low threshold and a short range |
| Maquiladora | Factory owned by non-Mexican countries operating in Mexico to take advantage of cheap labor and proximity to U.S. markets |
| Longlot System | The survey system, different from the rectangular system, used in Quebec and Louisiana in which land is divided into narrow parcels along rivers |
| Indo-European | Largest language family |
| Conquests | Method of diffusion of Indo-European languages according to the Kurgan Hearth Theory |
| Edge Cities | Outlying development nodes that provide employment and the provision of goods and services so that residents no longer have to commute to the city center |
| Supranationalism | A venture involving 3 or more national states - political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives |
| Just-In-Time (JIT) | Manufacturing process in which inventory between the steps of production is limited to improve quality and reduce costs |
| 1884 Conference of Berlin | Conference in which the European powers decided upon the rules for colonizing Africa |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | The free trade agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canda |
| Location Theory | Theory that predicts where a business will or should be located |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | The measure devised in 1990 which is used to compare the relative development of countries and regions |
| Mahatma Gandhi | Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India |
| Lebanon | Country in the Middle East that has experienced ethnic conflict as the proportions of various groups have changed - It is mostly controlled by Syria |
| Sustainable Development | The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development |
| Vedas | Aryan religious texts upon which Hinduism is based |
| Hajj | Muslim pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) |
| Physiological Density | The number of people supported by a unit of arable land |
| Muslim | Follower of Islam; it means one who submits to the will of God |
| Apartheid | Legal segregation policy in South Africa |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in an rea |
| Migration Transition | Zelinsky's explanation of migration patterns that correspond to the stages of demographic transition |
| Compact | State shape in which the distance from the center does not vary significantly, such as Poland |
| Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds | The three principle ethnic groups in Iraq |
| Uralic | Unique European language family including Magyar and Finnish |
| Wheat | #1 export crop |
| Mahayana | Branch of Buddhism dominant in China, Japan, and Korea; its name means "big raft" - followers emphasize Buddha's compassion |
| Megacities | Cities that have experience population explosions and unplanned growth resulting in pollution ad poverty |
| Infill Development | Construction of small-scale developments on vacant pockets of land remaining within a city |
| Special Economic Zones | Areas in China where foreign investment is allowed |
| Map Aggregation | The process of determining the size of the units to be investigated in GIS (counties, provinces...) |
| Cultural Ecology | The interaction of a culture and its natural environment |
| Zionism | The movement to reestablish Israel in the modern world |
| Colonialism | Control of an unorganized territory |
| Development | The extent to which a society makes effective use of its resources, both human and natural |
| Chechnya | Independence-minded Russian territory in the northern Caucasus region |
| Balkanization | The breakup of a state into various smaller states based on ethnic identity |
| German, French, Italian, Romansh | Languages of Switzerland |
| Commonwealth of Nations | Organization of 48 states that were once a part of the British Empire that promotes economic and cultural cooperation |
| Tantrayana | Branch of Buddhism traditionally dominant in Tibet and Mongolia |
| Toponym | Term for a place name |
| Fundamental geographic question | Why or Where? |
| Step Migration | Migration that occurs in stages, such as to a nearby village and then to a town and then to a city |
| International Trade Model | Approach to economic development that focuses on unique assets and their global trade to generate capital to improve the overall economy |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Organization of countries that export large amounts of petroleum - By controlling worldwide supply, it influences prices |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | International organization established in 1995 to reduce trade barriers and promote international trade |
| Migration | Permanent relocation diffusion |
| European Union (EU) | Economic unity of many European countries |
| Fordist | System of manufacturing that uses assembly lines in which workers perform the same task over and over |
| Rosh Hashanah | Jewish New Years |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | Number of deaths per infants under one year of age compared to the number of live births per 1000 in an area |
| Regional Multiplier | The effect of adding basic industries creating jobs for both basic and non-basic industries |
| Rank-Size Rule | Hierarchical pattern of the distribution of cities in which the second largest city is half the size of the largest |
| Access to a Resource, Separation of 2 States | Two purposes of proruptions |
| Salaam | Arabic word for peace |
| Nitrogen (78%) | The most abundant element in the atmosphere |
| Mobility | The movement of people from place to place |
| Basic Industries | Industries that sell primarily outside their regions |
| Castilian | Latin American name for the Spanish spoken in Spain |
| Proportional Symbol Map | Type of map that uses a symbol in varying sizes to show the magnitude of a characteristic |
| Ethnic Islands | Small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context |
| Toponym, Site, Situation, Absolute | 4 Ways of Identifying Location |
| Taliban | The group that took control of the government of Afghanistan and assisted in the training of Al-Qaeda terrorists |
| Salvation is achieved through faith alone | Answer to Martin Luther's burning question |
| von Thunen's Model | Core-periphery model of agriculture that explains the pattern of the distribution of various agricultural activities based on land costs (rent) and transportation costs |
| Sawah | Proper name for a rice "paddy" |
| Global Warming | The result of manmade pollution (CO2) in the lower level of the atmosphere causing an overall increase in temperatures |
| Temporary Relocation Diffusion | Christianity's diffuse (type) through missionaries |
| High-Order Central Place | A central place with a high threshold and a long range |
| English | The official language of the United States |
| Lu Province in China | Birthplace of Confucius |
| Montreal Protocol | Global agreement to reduce and finally halt the production of CFCs |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | U.S. Supreme court decision which ended segregation in public schools |
| Ruhr Valley | German megalopolis |
| Eritrea | African country that won its independence from Ethiopia |
| Literary Tradition | Written form of a language |
| Walter Christaller | Geographer who developed Central Place Theory |
| Malay, Chinese, Indians | Three groups involved in ethnic conflict in Malaysia |
| Boserup Hypothesis | The hypothesis that disagreed with Malthus and stated that increasing populations motivate improved agricultural technologies |
| Enclave | Cluster of a particular group, such as the Poles in Detroit |
| Possibilism | An approach to understanding the interaction of people and the physical environment which rejects environmental determinism in favor of a mutli-cause rationale for social development |
| High-Rise Apartments | Typical suburban dwellings in Europe |
| CFCs | Human generated substance that damages the ozone layer |
| Church of the Holy Sepulcher | Holiest site in Jerusalem for Christians |
| India & Nepal | Two countries in which 99% of Hindus live |
| Mosque | Muslim public meeting place |
| TV | The most important mechanism for the diffusion of popular culture |
| Global Positioning Systems (GPS) | Navigation systems using satellites |
| Mariel Boatlift | 1980 mass migration of people from Cuba to the U.S. |
| Creolized Language | A language formed from the blending of a colonizer's language with that of an indigenous people |
| Tito | Former communist dictator of Yugoslavia |
| An Intervening Obstacle | The restriction of migration from Eastern Europe during the Cold War is an example of: |
| Derwent Whittlessey | Person who developed the mapping system of agricultural regions |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | Christianity's diffusion (type) through leaders requiring their subjects to adopt Christianity |
| Minarets | Muslim prayer towers |
| Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (BCIS) | U.S. government agency that deals with immigration, formerly called the INS |
| Pattern | Geometric arrangement of a characteristic in a given locale |
| Optimal Location | The location that will minimize the distance to a service for the largest number of customers - Used in a market area analysis |
| Social Order | Means of achieving harmony in society according to Confucianism |
| Taiwan | Island where Daoism is still openly practiced today |
| Cultural Landscape | The result of the modification of the natural landscape by human activities (first defined by Carl Saeur) |
| Literacy Rates, Education Level | Social factors used to calculate HDI |
| Environmental Stress | The threat to the environmental security by human actions such as atmospheric and groundwater pollution, deforestation, oil spills, and ocean dumping |
| 1/2 | Approximate fraction of the world's population that lives in urban areas |
| Near Customers | Optimal location for services |
| Dependency Ratio | The number of people in the workforce compared to the number outside the workforce |
| Relocation Diffusion | Movement of a characteristic through the movement of people |
| Terrorism | The use of violence against non-military targets to intimidate states into changing policies |
| Hispanic | Race absent from the 2000 Census (because it is not a race) |
| Pollution | Waste that exceeds the capacity of the environment to accept or absorb it |
| Events in the Life of the Founder | What universalizing religious holidays are usually based on |
| Great Renunciation | Buddha's search for enlightenment |
| Diaspora | Forced dispersion of the Jews by the Babylonians and later by the Romans in which they were routed from their traditional homeland and forced to live among the other nations of the world |
| Black Stone | Housed in the Shrine al-Haram al-Sharif in Makkah - It represents the concept of monotheism |
| Centripetal Force | A force that unifies people |
| Middle English | The blending of Old English and French |
| Diaspora | Forced dispersion of the Jews in 70 A.D. |
| Discrimination | Action based on prejudice |
| Environmental Determinism | An approach to understanding the interaction of people and the physical environment which demonstrates how the environment causes social development |
| Great American Desert | Name that the Long Expedition gave to the Southern Great Plains in the U.S. |
| Relative Size, Shape, Distance, & Direction | Distortions created by map projections |
| Guest Workers | Foreign citizens who are granted legal entry in order to work, ut not to stay permanently |
| Elongated | Chile's state shape; long and narrow |
| Epidemiological Transition | The change in the principle causes of death over time |
| Pixels | The tiny areas recorded by satellite sensors used in GIS |
| Ecotourism | A way to bring economic benefit through tourism while not causing social and environmental damage |
| Customs | Repetitive actions of a group of people |
| Elijah Muhammad | Early leader of the Nation of Islam who advocated the establishment of a separate autonomous nation within the U.S. |
| Gabriel | Angel Muhammad had visions of |
| Redlining | The illegal process in which banks mark off an area on a map where they refuse to make loans |
| Diffusion | The spreading of a characteristic from place to place |
| Cottage Industry | Manufacturing in stages that took place in people's homes |
| 4 Noble Truths | Result of Buddha's Great Renunciation |
| Organization of African Unity (OAU) | Organization of African states that works to eliminate minority rule |
| 8-Fold Path | Means to achieving nirvana in Buddhism |
| Central Business District (CBD) | Geographic term for "downtown" |
| Cars, Phones, TVs | Goods used in the consideration of nonessential goods per person |
| Central Place Theory | Geographic model that explains the distributions of services and the regular pattern of settlements in many MDCs |
| Perceptual Region | A perceived region such as "downtown" |
| Denomination | A division within a branch of a religion, such as Methodist |
| Bali | Indonesia's top tourist destination |
| Bodh Gaya | Buddha's place of enlightenment |
| Fossil Fuels | Fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal |
| James Watt | Inventor of the first practical steam engine |
| Hollow Core | The area in North Mexico with a lower population density |
| Allah | Arabic word for God |
| Footloose Industry | An industry for which the cost of transportation plays no role in industrial location (lightweight and valuable products) |
| Blockbusting | Taking advantage of "white flight" by buying property from whites who are fearful of blacks moving into their neighborhoods/future lowering of property values and reselling it to blacks at large profits |
| Density Gradient | The concept that land occupancy diminishes as one moves from the core of a city to the periphery |
| Not In My Backyard | NIMBY |
| Idiographic | Facts or features that are unique to a particular region |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | Average number of children born to a woman in an area |
| Stacked Vote | Type of gerrymandering in which pockets of a particular group are linked together |
| Komsomols | Temporary labor forces, usually made up of students, in the USSR |
| Hipparchus | First person to describe location using a mathematical grid |
| Magyar | Hungarian language |
| Diffusion | The process of the spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in an area |
| PL 480 | U.S. program that helps LDCs import food |
| Friction of Distance | A measure of how much distance discourages movement between places, based on time, energy, or cost that must be expended |
| C.D. Harris & E.L. ullman | Geographers who developed the Multiple Nuclei Model of Urban Structure which is more applicable to newer, faster-growing cities |
| Settlements | Location of services |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the doctrine of separate but equal |
| Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia | Baltic Countries |
| Swidden | Patch cleared for crops in slash and burn agriculture |
| Germanic | Language branch to which English belongs |
| Visa | Document that grants entry permission to foreign citizens |
| Core, Domain, Sphere | 3 parts into which cultural regions are divided according to Donald Meinig |
| Spatial Convergence | Interaction between two factors (groups) |
| Population Pyramid (Age/Sex Graph) | Bar graph showing population distribution by age and gender |
| Ecumene | The portion of the world's land surface that is permanently settled by human beings |
| Clustered | The concentration of industry |
| (Hotelling's) Locational Interdependence Theory | Theory that states that competitors will attempt to maximize sales by constraining each other's sales territories by moving closer to one another until they are back-to-back |
| The Holy Grail of Agricultural Science | Developing crops that can take nitrogen from the air rather than the soil |
| Market Area Analysis | Process that is used to determine whether or not to locate a service in a particular place |
| United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) | UN organization that deals with refugees |
| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions |
| Cartography | The art and science of map-making |
| Sinhalese Buddhists, Tamils (Hindus) | Two principle ethnic groups in Sri Lanka |
| Humbolt & Ritter | First geographers to use the scientific method - they devised the environmental determinism approach |
| Russian Federation | Largest state |
| Law of Retail Gravitation | William J Reilly's explanation of the fact that larger cities have larger trade areas (retail hinderlands) |
| Okies | Term for those who emigrated from the Dust Bowl |
| Biomass Fuels | Fuels such as wood, plant material, and animal waste |
| Luxury Crops | Plantation-grown crops which are generally produced in LDCs by MDC companies for export to MDCs |
| Nirvana | State beyond suffering in Buddhism |
| Boserup Thesis | Thesis that states that population growth leads to the development of new farming methods and increased production |
