Exam 3 definitions
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| 3'polyadenylation5' | During eukaroytic pre-mRNA processing, an enzyme -driven modification that removes the 3'end of the pre-mRNA and adds numerous adenines
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| 3' splice site | In eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing, the location of cleavage at the 3'end of an intron. Contains an AG dinucleotide in a consensus sequence.
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| 5' splice site | In mRNA processing, the location of cleavage at the 5' end of an intron. Contains a GU dinucleotide in a consensus sequence.
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| 5' capping | In pre-mRNA processing the addition of 7-methylguanosine to the nucleotide at the end of pre-mRNA by a triphosphate bridge. Methylation of adjacent nucleotides may also occur.
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| -35 consensus sequence | A specific consensus sequence of the bacterial promoter at the polymearase is bound.
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| coding strand | nontemplate strand of DNA thart has the same 5'-to3' polarity as its transcript and the same sequence, except for T in DNA and U in RNA.
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| consensus sequence | nucleotide sequence in a dna segment derived by comparing sequences of similar segments from other genes or organisms.
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| downstream | reffering to a gene or sequence location that is toward the 3' direction on the coding strand.
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| enhancer sequence | set of regulatory sequences that bind specific transcriptional proteins that can elevate transcription of targeted eukaryotic genes.
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| silencer sequence | regulatory dna sequences that can repress transcription ofspecific genes that may be located distantly from the sequence.
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| stem-loop (hairpin structure) | short double stranded segments of rna topped by a single stranded loop containing unpaired nucleotides
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| intrinsic termination | Inverted repeat dna sequences induce formation of 3' mrna stem loop structures that are followed by multiple uracils
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| intron splicing | spliceosome complex driven process that removes introns from eukaryotic pre mrna and ligates exons to form mature mrna
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| messenger RNA (mRNA) | form of rna yranscribed from a geneand subsequently translated to produce a polypeptide or protien
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| nontemplate strand | nontemplate strand of DNA thart has the same 5'-to3' polarity as its transcript and the same sequence, except for T in DNA and U in RNA.
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| template strand | dna strand serving as a template for synthesis of a complementary nucleic acid strand.
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| termination sequence | dna seqences that serve to stop transcription.
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| transcription factors (TFs) | protiens that bind promoters and are functional in transcription
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| polyadenylation signal sequence | hexanucleotide seqence of mrna. usually AAUAAA, that identifies the location of 3'pre mrna cleavage and polyadenylation
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| precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) | initial transcript of eukaryotic gene reguiring mrna processing prior to translation
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| promoter | regulatory seqence of dna near 5' end of a gene that acts as binding location of rna polymerase and directs rna polymearase to the start of transcription
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| sigma subunit (alternative sigma subunits) | Accesory protein that changes the promoter recognition specificity of the bacterial rna polymearase core enzyme.
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| upstream | referring to a gene or seqence in location that is toward the 5' direction of the coding strand.
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| 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) | untranslated segment of mrna between the stop codon and the 3' end of the transcript.
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| 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) | untranslated segment of mrna between the 5' end of the transcript and the start codon.
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| charged tRNA | trna to which the correct amino acid has been attached.
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| Kozak sequence | specific consensus of eukaryotic mrna that conatins the authentic start codn sequence.
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| polycistronic mRNA | mrna containing the transcriptsof two or more genes
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| Shine-Dalgarno sequence | 5' UTR mrna consensus seqence that pair with nucleotides near the 3' end of 16s rrna in the small ribosomal subunit to orient the start codon on ribosome
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| uncharged tRNA | trna not carrying an amino acid.
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| activator binding site | dna seqence to which an activator protein binds to regulate gene expression. refers to the regulatory site.
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| activator protein | transcriptionfactor that binds to regulatory sequences associated with a gene and upregulates that genes expression
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| allolactose | modified form of lactose that binds to the lac repressor protein, that reduces the dna binding ability of the complex.
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| allosteric domain (allostery) | domain of a protein to change shape when it binds to a specific molecule; the protein in the new shape is altered in its ablility to bind to a second molecule.
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| allosteric effector compound | molecule that binds to the allosteric protein domain and subseqently induces a change in bound protein.
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| attenuation (attenuator region) | regulatory region downstreamof the promoter of repressible amino acid operons that exert transcriptional control based on the translationof leader peptide; the efficency of which is determined by the availabililty of specific amino acids
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| CAP binding site (CAP-cAMP complex) | formed by joining catabolite proteins to camp, that complex binds to the camp binding site of the bacterial lac promoter to regulate gene expression.
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| catabolite repression | situationwhere the presence of the catabolite represses the transcription of genes for analtrnative catabolite.
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| cis-acting | Acting on the same chromosome
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| cis-dominant | principle that he operator can infuence only transcription of adjacent downstream genes
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| constitutive transcription (constitutive mutants) | State in which a gene is continuosly transcribed
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| corepressor | accesorymolecule required for a repressor protein to exert its function.
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| DNA-binding domain |
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| inducer | accesory molecule that binds to a protein that leads to activation of gene expression. the inducer can bind to a repressor protein and prevent its function or bind to an activator protein and stimulate its function
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| inducer-repressor complex | molecular complex consisting of a repressor protein protein and a bound inducer molecule.
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| inducible operon | operon that is not expressed under one set of enviromental conditions, but whose transcription is activated under alternative enviromental conditions
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| induction | process by which one cell or tissue promotes a particular developmental fate in neigboring cells or tissues.
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| inhibitor | accesory molecule thta converts activator proteins to an inactive conformation by binding to an allosteric binding domain of the activator protein
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| lac+ phenotype | Bacteria that are able to grow on a medium containg lactose as the only sugar
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| lac- phenotype | bacteia that are not able to grow on a medium conating lactose as the only sugar.
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| lacA gene (lacY gene, lacZ gene) |
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| leader region (trpL) |
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| negative control (of transcription) |
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| noninducible |
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| operator |
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| operon |
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| polycistronic mRNA |
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| positive control |
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| regulated transcription |
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| repressible operon |
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| repressor protein |
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| stem loop [3-4 (termination), 2-3(antitermination)] |
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| trans-acting |
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| translation repressor protein |
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| chromatin modifier |
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| chromatin remodeling |
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| cis-acting regulatory sequence |
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| closed chromatin |
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| covered promoter |
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| CpG dinucleotide (CpG island) |
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| DNase I hypersensitive site |
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| enhancer (enhancer sequence) |
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| epigenetic modification |
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| geonomic imprinting |
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| imprinting control region (ICR) |
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| insulator sequence |
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| operon chromatin |
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| open promoter |
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| silencer sequence |
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| trans-acting regulatory protein |
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| upstream activator sequence (UAS) |
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