Heredity
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| chromosomes | store genetic information in the nucleus; made of DNA and proteins
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| centromere | structure that holds two sister chromatids together
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| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic material
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| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism and may carry some genes for other characteristics
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| autosomes | chromosomes that do not determine gender
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| gene | the section of a chromosome that codes for a single trait
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| alleles | different forms of a gene for a single trait
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| dominant | when two different alleles for a trait are inherited, this one is the one that shows up
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| recessive | when two different alleles for a trait are inherited, this alleles is not expressed
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| homozygous | organism that has two dominant or two recessive alleles for a trait
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| heterozygous | organism that has one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait
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| genotype | the alleles or genes that an organism inherits from its parent
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| phenotype | the form or physical expression of the genes
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| Punnett square | a chart that shows the possible genotypes of offspring
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| probability | the mathematical chance that an event will occur; Punnett squares are based on this chance
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| sex-linked traits | genes for this kind of trait are carried on sex chromosomes
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| pedigree | a family record that shows which members inherit a specific trait over several generations
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| nucleotide | subunit that makes up DNA and RNA; made of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base
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| replication | the process of copying DNA during cell division
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| transcription | process in which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA; happens in the nucleus
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| messenger RNA | type of RNA that carries the instructions from DNA in a gene to the ribosome
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| codons | sequences of three nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid
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| translation | the information from mRNA is decoded and used to arrange amino acids; at the ribosomes
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| transfer RNA | RNA that carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
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| ribosomal RNA | RNA that is a part of the structure of the ribosome
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| protein synthesis | the entire process of constructing proteins
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| mutation | a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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| somatic mutations | a type of mutation that occurs in an organism's body cells
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| germinal mutations | a type of mutation that occurs in gametes; can be passed to offspring
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| genetic engineering | the process of controlling genes for practical purposes
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| recombinant DNA | DNA made from two or more different organisms
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| gene splicing | the process of inserting genes from one organisms into the genes of another organism
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| cloning | the process through which an exact copy of a cell or organism is produced
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