Biology Chapters 4 and 5 Test
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| cell | a membrane-bound structure that is the basic unit of life.
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| cell membrane | the lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell.
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| states that (1) all living things are made up of cells, (2) cells are the basic unit of organisms, and that (3) cells come only from existing cells. | cell theory
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| cell wall | a rigid structure that surrounds to cells of plants, fungi, many protists, and many bacteria.
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| chloroplast | plastid containing clorophyl; the site of photosynthesis.
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| chromatin | the DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a dividing cell.
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| chromosome | DNA and protein in a coiled, rod shaped form that occurs during cell division.
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| cilium | a short, hairlike organelle that extends from a cell and functions in locamotion or in the movement of substances across the cell surface.
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| cytoplasm | the region of a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
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| cytoskeleton | a network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps maintain the shape and size of a eukaryotic cell.
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| eukaryote | a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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| flagellum | a hairlike structure made up of microtubules that function in locamotion.
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| membrane | the lipid bilayer that forms the outside of the cell.
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| nucleus | the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs most of the cell’s activity.
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| prokaryote | a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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| carrier protein | a protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane.
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| concentration gradient | the difference in concentration of a substance across a space.
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| diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
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| equilibrium | a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space.
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| facilitated diffusion | a process by which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins.
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| hypertonic | describing a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside a cell.
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| hypotonic | describing a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that inside a cell.
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| ion channel | a membrane protein that provides a passageway across the cell membrane through which an ion can diffuse.
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| isotonic | describing a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell.
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| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
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| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cell energy.
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| endocytosis | the process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances.
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| turgor pressure | water pressure within a plant cell.
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| active transport | the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expend energy.
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| exocytosis | a process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment.
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| phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells.
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| pinocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes or fluids.
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| sodium-potassium pump | a carrier protein that actively transports K+ ions into and Na+ ions out of cells
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| vesicle | a membrane-bound sac in a eukaryotic cell that contians materials involved in endocytosis, or transport within the cell.
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| the concentration of molecules to be the same throughout a space. This state is equilibrium. | In the absence of other influences diffusion will eventually cause...
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| Carrier proteins | These aid in moving molecules (that are not soluble in lipids or are too large) across the cell membrane.
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| Facilitated diffusion and diffusion through ion channels | Both of these aid in the passive transport of molecules that are not soluble in water through the cell membrane.
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| Kinetic Energy | Active transport requires this, passive transport does not
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| pumps ; concentration gradients. | Carrier proteins in active transport serve as ______ because they move substances up their _______ _______
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| ATP | What provides the energy that drives the sodium-potassium pump?
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| exocytosis, cytoplasm, cell membrane | During _______ , vesicles in the ________ fuse with the __________ , releasing their contents into the cell’s external environment.
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| Phospholipid Bilayer , proteins | The _______ containing ______ makes up the cell membrane.
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| Hydrophilic, polar | The phosphate head is ______ and _____
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| lipid tail, hydrophobic | The _______ _______ is nonpolar and ___________
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| concentration gradient | No energy is required when water is moving "down" a _______ _________.
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| hypertonic | If you place a cell in a __________ environment, it will lose water.
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| hypotonic | If you place a cell in a __________ environment, it will gain water.
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| contractile vacuole | The _______ _________ pumps water out of the cell
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| diffuse, equilibrium | Molecules are in constant motion and ________ until ________ is reached.
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| equilibrium | Random movement of molecules continues even when __________ is reached.
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| lipids, diffusion | If a substance is soluble in ________ it can pass through the cell membrane through __________.
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| small, pores | Substances that are very ________, but not soluble in lipids, may pass through __________ in the membrane through diffusion.
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| size, type of molecule, chemical makeup | Movement across the membrane depends on these three things:
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| fresh water, gain, contractile vacuole | Parmecium live in a ____ _____ environment and tends to ______ water. They have a _________ _________to pump water out of a cell.
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| root tip cells | Water moves into _______ ______ cells through osmosis.
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| cell wall made of cellulose | Plant cells do not burst when they fill with water because they have a.....
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| plasmolysis | It is the shrinking or wilting of a walled cell in a hypertonic environment; the cell loses water and decreases turgor pressure.
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| cytolysis | when a cell bursts
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| fluid-mosaic | The ______ model of the cell shows the phosholipid bilayer.
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| polar, solvent` | Water is an example of a _______ molecule, and is the universal ________.
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| mitachondria | the site of cellular respiration. ATP is produced, "powerhouse of the cell"
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| ribosome | site of protein synthesis
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| endoplasmic reticulum | modifies proteins, transports materials from one area of the cell to another
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| rough | A ______ ER has ribosomes.
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| smooth | A ____ ER does not have ribosomes.
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| golgi apparatus | processes and packages
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| lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes - break down toxins, old cell parts, and other substances.
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| microfilaments and microtubules | involved in support, movement, and cell division
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| cilia and flagella | locomotion, moves matter
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| nucleus | stores hereditary information (DNA), and is the control center of the cell.
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| nucleolus | ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled here
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| cell wall | supports and protects the cell
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| vacuole | store enzymes and waste products
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| plastid | stores food or pigments
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| chloroplasts | An example of a plastid
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| 17th | The microscope was developed in the early ____ centrury.
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| Hooke | 1665 - Named cells after looking at cork.
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| Van Leeuwenhoek | 1673 - first to observe living cells
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| Schleiden | 1838 - All plants made of cells
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| Schwann | 1839 - All animals made of cells
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| Virchow | 1855 - Cells come only from other cells
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