patho
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| cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII control what? | show 🗑
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| show | odynophagia
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| show | stroke strictures or tumors
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| inflammation of the oral mucosa | show 🗑
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| bacterial, viral, trauma, irritants, meds, nutritional def., systemic inflammatory disease( measles and syphillis) , and hiv can all be causes of what? | show 🗑
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| cold sores are also known as? | show 🗑
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| tingling feeling, also the best time to treat cold sores | show 🗑
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| treatment for cold sores include? | show 🗑
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| lower esophagus sphincter(LES) fails to relax, difficulty passing food, and esophagus enlarges above the LES | show 🗑
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| people with achalasia are at risk for? | show 🗑
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| treatment for achalasia includes? | show 🗑
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| outpouching of the esophageal wall is known as? | show 🗑
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| caused by weakness of the muscle layers, also retains food s/s are gurgling, belching, foul smelling breath and may lead to esophagitus or ulceration/ tx is surgery | show 🗑
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| show | heartburn
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| show | LES
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| show | GERD
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| show | GERD
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| common in children, can be associated with CP, down's syndrome and other developmental pxs | show 🗑
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| show | Rumination
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| show | GERD
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| show | GERD
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| portion of the stomach passes through the diaphragm | show 🗑
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| ___ ____ ____ can cause haital hernia or make it worse | show 🗑
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| show | Hiatal Hernia
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| 6 percent of all GI cancers | show 🗑
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| more common in men older than 50 | show 🗑
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| show | squamos and adenocarcinoma
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| show | Squamos esophageal cancer
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| show | adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer
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| show | esophagus cancer
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| show | Gastritis
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| show | acute gastritis
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| show | acute gastriits
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| charecterized by the absence of grossly visible erosions and the presence of chronic inflammatory changes leading to atrophy of the stomach lining, can change into cancer | show 🗑
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| contibuting factors- chronic alchohol abuse, smoking, and chronic NSAID use | show 🗑
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| 4 types of gastritis | show 🗑
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| show | autoimmune gastritis
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| unknown etiology, common in Europe and latin america, associated with decreased acid secretion | show 🗑
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| show | H. Pylori gastritis
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| result of reflux of alkaline duodenal contents, pancreatic secretions, and bile, commonly seen in pts with gastroduodenostomy or gastrojejunostomy surgery | show 🗑
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| show | Peptic ulcer disease
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| show | Peptic ulcer disease
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| _____ ____ can lead to a break or ulceration in the mucosa to be subjected to an acid or alkaline environment and thus autodigestion occurs | show 🗑
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| show | decreased mucus production
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| _____ ______ _______ ______ can cause the protective musus layer to be irritated bc of the rapid movement of stomach contents, such as in dumping syndromes | show 🗑
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| the injured tissue is replaced w/ scar tissue which contributes to reoccurrence. s/s-abd discomfort and pain (burning gnawing cramping usually rhythmic, occurs usually when the stomach is empty, relieved w foods or antacids) | show 🗑
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| show | Peptic ulcer disease
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| rare, caused by gastrin secreting tumor (gastrinoma) Ulcerations, may be located in the pancreas stomach or duodenum | show 🗑
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| show | Zollinger- Ellison syndrome
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| stress ulcer is also known as? | show 🗑
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| occurs at some sort of major physiological stress (large burns, trauma, sepsis, ARDS, liver failure, major surgery) due to ischemia, tissue acidosis, and biles salts entering the stomach, decreased GI motility | show 🗑
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| show | Cushing ulcer
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| increased gastric acid due to vagal stimulation from intracranial pressure, often perforate, common in the ICU, prevention is best way to tx | show 🗑
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| show | stomach cancer
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| show | stomach cancer
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| show | irritable bowel syndrome
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| more s/s altered bowel function, flatulence, bloatedness, nausea, anorexia, anxiety, and depression. cause- dysfunction of intestinal motor and sensory functions in the CNS | show 🗑
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| DX- H and P TX- stress management, adequate fiber, antispasmadics, anticholinergics | show 🗑
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| blanket term, common, inflammation of the bowel, all have a causative agent-dietary antigen, microbial, familialtendencies- may be autoimmune | show 🗑
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| show | Crohn's disease
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| chronic inflammation of the bowel in which there are patchy areas of inflammation anywhere in the GI tract, most common in the ileum or colon, higher incidence in young adults and teenagers | show 🗑
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| show | Crohn's disease
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| fistulas may develop b/t the intestines to the bladder and other structures leading to MALABSORPTION, scar tissue may lead to perforation or obstruction | show 🗑
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| chronic diarrhea leads to F and E disturbances and malabsorption s/s N/V/D( 3-5 foul smelling stools a day) flatulence, malaise, wt loss, anorexia, abd pain, may have mucus or blood in the stool, nutriitional def, perianal abscesses and fistulas | show 🗑
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| show | Crohn's diease
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| inflammatory disease affecting the mucous membranes of the colon | show 🗑
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| most often begins in the early twenties, most common in the caucasian and jewish races, unknown etiology- may be genetic, virus, bacteria, autoimmune and stress, ulcerated lesions form small erosions- no skip lesions | show 🗑
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| show | ulcerative colitis
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| show | ulcerative colitis
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| show | ulceratice colitis
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| show | clostridium difficile
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| use of broad spectrum ABT increases risk due to destruction of normal flora, releases toxins that cause mucosal damage and inflammation, s/s- diarrhea, abd cramping, usually resolves after ABT is discontinued | show 🗑
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| show | clostridium difficile
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| DX- hx of ABT lab + C diff in the stool TX- stop ABT, anti diarrheal | show 🗑
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| show | Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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| show | E.coli
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| may lead to hemmorhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, toxemia TX- Maintain hydration | show 🗑
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| an outpouching of the walls of the colon | show 🗑
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| inflammation of the diverticulum | show 🗑
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| show | diverticulosis
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| show | DIverticular disease
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| bacteria from food become trapped in the outpouches, may cause and obstruction, perforation, or peritonitis | show 🗑
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| show | diverticular disease
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| show | appendicitis
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| show | appendicitis
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| obstruction leads to the inflammation and bacterial invasion, necrosis of the capillaries follows d/t the pressure.. with gangrene and rupture peritonitis is a major concern | show 🗑
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| s/s RLQ pain rebound tenderness, anorexia, N/V/D, occasionally constipation, posturing by lying on side or back w/ knees flexed: fever, elevated WBC, malaise | show 🗑
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| show | appendicitus
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| show | 200-300 mg per day
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| show | diarrhea
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| may be acute or chronic(less than 3 weeks in children and 4 in adults), common, can become a serious problem in children, Causes- infectious agents, food intolerance, drugs, intestinal disease, psychological | show 🗑
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| 2 types of diarrhea/ may be combo of both | show 🗑
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| r/t increase in the propulsive activity, usually an inflammatory process (IBS) | show 🗑
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| show | large volume diarrhea
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| DX- H and P, stool exam TX- NPO(nothing by mouth) bland diet, replace fluids, watch for what?, antidiarrheals, antispasmodics | show 🗑
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| show | constipation
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| causes of____ are failure to respond to urge, low fiber, low fluid, weak abd muscles, inactivity, pregnancy, hemorrhoids, spinal cord injuries, parkinson's, MS, hypothyroidism, narcotics, antichollinnergics, Ca channel blockers, diuretics, all antacids | show 🗑
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| show | constipation
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| show | Intestinal obstruction
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| show | Intestinal obstruction
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| ________ _________ - hernia, post op adhesions, strictures, tumors, foriegn bodies, intersussception(telescoping) and volvulus(twisting) | show 🗑
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| show | paralytic obstruction
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| DX- H and P, X-ray TX- tx cause, NG tube, surgery | show 🗑
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| show | peritonitis
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| show | peritonitis
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| show | peritonitis
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| DX- H and P, CBC, chemistry- US, BUN, creatinine, peritoneal aspiration w/ cultures TX- ABT, F and E replacement, NG tube, TPN | show 🗑
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| show | malabsorption
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| show | malabsorption
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| show | malabsortion syndrome
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| intestinal cancers are pretty common... _____ ______ are the most common type in the intestine, polyps- mass that protrudes in the gut, usually benign but can become malignant | show 🗑
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| show | colorectal cancer
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| risk factors include age, personal or family history of Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, and high fat diet... s/s include rectal bleeding, change in bowel habits, diarrhea, constipation, sense of urgency, pain(late stage) use staging system similar to TMN | show 🗑
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| show | colorectal cancer
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| GI accessory organs include ___, ____, and _____ | show 🗑
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| digestive secretion, insulin and glucagon, and drug and hormone metabolism are the _____ ______ ________ general purpose | show 🗑
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| show | liver
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| show | Glisson's capsule
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| show | hepatic artery
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| show | portal vein
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| show | 300
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| ____ ml/min enters through the portal vein | show 🗑
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| the liver stores ___ for times of need | show 🗑
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| show | lobules
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| show | liver
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| stores excess glucose as glycogen, releases glucose in times of need for energy, converts galactose and fructose to glucose, synthesizes glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid, converts excess carbs to triglycerides for storage in adipose | show 🗑
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| synthesis of albumin, protein degradation, amonnia is transfered as urea to the kidneys,amino acid degradation for glucose production | show 🗑
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| oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy for body functions, synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids, most of lipoproteins, and formation of triglycerides | show 🗑
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| ___ ____- emulsifies fats and enter through the portal vein several times before excretion through the feces | show 🗑
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| show | cholestasis
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| show | jaundice
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| ____ is formed from the breakdown of RBC's | show 🗑
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| show | free bilirubin
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| show | urobilionogen
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| elevation in liver enzymes indicate that they have been released from damaged cells ex. AST, ALT | show 🗑
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| show | hepatitis
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| show | hepatitis A
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| show | hepatitis B
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| show | hepatitis C
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| show | hepatitis D
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| source of virus for hepatitis __ is through the feces, route of transmission is fecal-oral, it is NOT a chronic infection, prevention is to ensure safe drinking water | show 🗑
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| can be either acute or chronic( causes cirrhosis) causes other than virus- hepatobiliary obstruction from gallstones or from the toxic effects of alchohol, drugs, toxins, or infectious agents | show 🗑
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| show | hepatitis
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| show | hepatitis
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| show | preicteric
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| ___ stage of hepatitis- (onset of jaundice) s/s are jaundice, pruritis, light colored stools, brown urine, malaise, and preicteric s/s improve | show 🗑
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| ______ stage of hepatitis- (convalescent stage) s/s are decrease in fatigue, appetite returns to normal, lab work improves, and pain subsides | show 🗑
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| show | Fulminant hepatitis
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| show | hepatitis
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| show | hepatitis
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| common, 5th leading cause of death in the US, liver failure, esophageal varices, kidney failure, may have a genetic factor | show 🗑
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| intermittent stage of alchohol induced liver disease b/w cirrhosis and fatty liver, common in binge drinkers, inflammation and necrosis | show 🗑
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| stage of alchohol induced liver disease, accumulation of fat in liver cells | show 🗑
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| show | risk factors for Cirrhosis
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| show | Cirrhosis
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| show | Cirrhosis
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| black stools from blood as a result of Cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| ____ _____ causes back up of blood into the spleen leading to splenomegaly and an increased breakdown of WBC's RBC's and platelets | show 🗑
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| ______ _______- damage to the brain tissue due to the ammonia build up | show 🗑
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| normal pressure in portal vein is 5-10 mmhg; with portal HTN it reaches __ | show 🗑
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| show | look up answer
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| show | esophageal varices (complication of cirrhosis)
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| rupture of an _____ _____ is a medical emergency, surgical compression of the varices and sclerotherapy, blood replacement, maintain airway, and gastric lavage with cool saline | show 🗑
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| cosequences of ____ _____ include bleeding disorders, edema, hypoglycemia, fat soluble vitamin def., fatty stools, encephalopathy, secondary sex charecteristic changes, drug metabolism pxs, and jaundice | show 🗑
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| show | liver failure
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| show | cancer of the liver
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| metastasis to the heart, lung, brain, kidney and spleen are common due to the hepatic and portal vein, benign tumors are known as adenomas(usually women, oral contraceptives) | show 🗑
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| two types of liver cancer | show 🗑
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| arising from liver cells, nodular, massive, diffuse | show 🗑
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| show | cholangiocarcinoma
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| small organ, stores bile, prescence of food in the small intestine triggers the release of bile | show 🗑
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| formation of stones in the biliary ducts or the gallbladder, more common in women, gallstones form when cholesterol and Ca precipitate as solid crystals within the mucous lining of the gallbladder | show 🗑
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| inflammation of the cystic duct caused by lodging or a gallstone in the duct, may be acute or chronic | show 🗑
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| show | choledocholithiasis
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| inflammation in the common duct | show 🗑
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| not very common, poor prognosis, usually found at the time of gallbladder surgery, gallstones may play a role due to the constant irritation s/s are insidious | show 🗑
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| inflammation of the pancreas, may be acute or chronic | show 🗑
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| show | acute pancreatitis
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| ___ ______- formation of scar tissue that interferes with the function | show 🗑
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| show | acute pancreatitis
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| show | chronic pancreatitis
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| nearly all of these cancers are fatal, causes are longerm DM, chronic pancreatitis, and smoking, often invade everything surrounding it | show 🗑
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| show | vitamins
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| show | vitamin B
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| precursor of retinol needed for normal vision | show 🗑
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| regulates calcium metabolism | show 🗑
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| needed to produce prothrombin | show 🗑
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| lipid soluble vitamins, must be ingested with lipids to be absorbed in small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | C and B
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| show | Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA
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| poverty, fad diets, chronic alchohol or drug abuse, prolonged parental feeding | show 🗑
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| obtained from foods containing carotene | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamin D
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| tocopherols, found in plant seed oils, whole grain cereals, eggs, certain organ meats/ primary antioxidant | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamin K
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| show | C
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| show | thiamine B1
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| _____ __ deficiency can cause pellagra | show 🗑
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| show | Cyanocobalamin B12
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| deficiencies of _______, ________, and _______ indicate need for pharmacotherapy with water soluble vitamins | show 🗑
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| show | minerals
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| _____ administered for severe liver disease | show 🗑
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| show | Niacin and pyroxidine
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| asses women of child-bearing age for ____ _____ deficiency | show 🗑
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| caution clients with history of kidney stones against use of vitamin __ | show 🗑
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| advise clients taking vitamin C to increase ____ _____ | show 🗑
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| _____ ______ vitamins are not stored in the body and must be replinished daily | show 🗑
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| calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, sulfur | show 🗑
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| show | 100
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| show | 20
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| show | causes of undernutrition
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| show | reasons for low dietary intake
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