A161 Final
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| show | Bremsstrahlung
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| show | Bremsstrahlung
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| show | Amplitude
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| show | Hardening
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| show | motion
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| In the diagnostic range, a _____increase in kVp is equivalent to doubling the mAs. | show 🗑
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| When electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the target what three things take place? | show 🗑
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| X-ray that results from interaction of the projectile electron with a target nucleus; braking radiation,, is the definition of | show 🗑
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| What are the influencing factors that affect the shape of an x-ray spectrum | show 🗑
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| show | 1%, 99%, heat
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| show | the electron’s that are traveling from the cathode to the target. They make up the tube current.
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| When the projectile electron interacts with an inner-shell electron violently enough to remove that electron, what type of x-ray is produced? | show 🗑
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| show | those created from the K-shell of the Tungsten atom
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| show | Continuous
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| show | If a projectile electron interacts with an inner shell electron then it is a characteristic interaction. If a projectile electron interacts with an outer shell electron then it is a bremsstrahlung interaction
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| show | The constant excitation and return of outer shell electrons
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| Doubling the x-ray tube current also doubles what | show 🗑
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| show | Characteristic x-rays
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| A change in _______affects both the amplitude and the position of the x-ray emission spectrum. | show 🗑
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| Adding filtration to the useful x-ray beam reduces x-ray beam ___ while increasing the average __. | show 🗑
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| When kVp is increased by 15%, what should be done with mAs | show 🗑
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| What kind of relationship does heat production in the anode and the x-ray tube current have? | show 🗑
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| What role does mA have with the efficiency of x-ray production | show 🗑
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| Except for K-shell x-rays, all characteristic x-rays have what level of energy | show 🗑
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| show | Since the electron is negative and the nucleus is positive it cause the electrostatic force
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| show | Higher
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| show | characteristic x-rays
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| Protective housing guards against excessive _____________ and electric shock | show 🗑
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| The x-rays emitted through the window are called the | show 🗑
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| The cathode is the ________ side of the x-ray tube; it has two primary parts, a __________ and a ___________. | show 🗑
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| The outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are boiled off and ejected from the filament is known as ____________. | show 🗑
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| Electrons carry a negative charge and repel one another. They tend to form a cloud around the filament called ______________? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common cause of x-ray tube failure? | show 🗑
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| What is the anode heel affect? | show 🗑
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| show | The anode and cathode
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| What is the line-focus principle | show 🗑
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| What three components make up the external structure of the x-ray tube? | show 🗑
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| show | Cathode
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| show | High melting point, does not vaporize easily, higher thermionic emission, high atomic number
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| The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the | show 🗑
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| Name the two parts of an electromagnetic induction motor. | show 🗑
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| show | it is also made smaller
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| show | to condense the electron beam and direct it to the target
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| show | Isotropically
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| What is the purpose of the glass or metal tube enclosure? | show 🗑
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| show | Andoe
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| show | decreases
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| show | increased
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| show | Filament current
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| The _________ _________ focuses the flow of electrons from the Cathode to the Anode target. | show 🗑
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| Further heat capacity can be achieved by doing what to the rotation of the Anode? | show 🗑
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| What is the material desired for the manufacturing of the Anode Target in X-Ray systems? | show 🗑
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| show | An induction motor.
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| The ________ focal spot is the flow of electrons hitting the Anode while the _______ focal spot is the flow of electrons leaving the target. | show 🗑
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| show | preferred detent
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| show | It increases the spatial resolution or makes it better
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| What are x-rays called that escape through the protective housing? | show 🗑
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| Which type of enclosure is least likely to fail and why? Metal or glass? | show 🗑
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| show | Larger
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| What is the Center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the image receptor? | show 🗑
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| show | If the temperature of the anode heats up to rapidly
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| show | tube current
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| Name the two types of anodes | show 🗑
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| show | target
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| show | positive
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| show | 1. Results from angled targets. Allows a large area for heating while a small focal spot is maintained. It is preferred to use a small focal spot on some extremities because of better spatial resolution.
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| show | Filament, filament, filament, filament
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| What is the heel effect? | show 🗑
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| What are the electrodes called in the diode | show 🗑
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| show | the target and the electromagnetic induction motor.
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| show | Inaccessible
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| Tungsten provides for higher _______________ than other metals. | show 🗑
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| What part of the X-Ray tube conducts electricity and radiates heat and contains the target? | show 🗑
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| The smaller the focal spot, the better the _______________ of the image | show 🗑
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| X-ray quantity is ________________ to the mAs. | show 🗑
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| X-ray quantity is ________________ to the square of the distance from the source. | show 🗑
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| show | Attenuation
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| show | kVp
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| show | Inversely
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| As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, the penetrability is ______________. | show 🗑
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| show | To remove selectively low-energy x-rays from the useful beam
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| What are the two types of filtration and how are the different? | show 🗑
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| show | Reduces
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| The inverse square law demonstrates what relationship? | show 🗑
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| show | The number of x-rays in the useful beam
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| show | It increases it
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| show | I1 = (d2)^2
___ ____
I2 = (d1)^2
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| show | mAs1 = (SID1)^2
_____ ______
mAs2 = (SID2)^2
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| show | Penetrability
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| show | mAs and kVp / kVp
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| What word is synonymous with x-ray quality | show 🗑
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| show | x-ray quality / radiation exposure / x-ray intensity
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| Although x-ray beams are considered polyenergetic, ideal filtration would create a _________ beam, therefore increasing the x-ray quality | show 🗑
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| What is attenuation? | show 🗑
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| show | None
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| What happens to the patient’s dose of you increase kVp and reduce mAs? | show 🗑
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| show | The x-ray quantity is reduced
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| Filters reduce patient dose by removing _______ before they are absorbed in superficial tissues. | show 🗑
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| When SID is increased, mAs must be increased by ____ to maintain constant exposure to the image receptor. | show 🗑
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| If kVp is doubled, intensity increases by a factor of | show 🗑
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| You want to keep a constant exposure to your IR, but increase SID. Which law will help get the right result? | show 🗑
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| show | the number of electrons striking the tube target is doubled, and therefore the number of x-rays emitted is doubled.
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| This occurs when an incident x-ray is totally absorbed during the ionization of an inner-shell electron. | show 🗑
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| What type of scattering is of little importance to diagnostic radiology? | show 🗑
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| show | outer-shell
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| show | photoelectron
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| For higher atomic number target atoms, electron binding energies are ______? | show 🗑
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| show | Compton scattering
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| show | backscatter radiation
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| Compton scattering reduces _____ ______ | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of differential absorption? | show 🗑
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| Different degrees of absorption in different tissues that result in image contrast and formation of the x-ray image. | show 🗑
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| Differential absorption and attenuation depend on what 3 factors? | show 🗑
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| (1) The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue (2) The mass density of the atoms in tissue (3)The x-ray energy | show 🗑
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| X-rays interact with matter in 5 ways, but only 2 are important for making an x-ray image, which are they | show 🗑
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| What is the main difference in Compton radiation and the Photoelectric effect | show 🗑
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| show | Bone will absorb more x-ray because of its higher atomic number.
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| The wavelength of the scattered x-ray is ____________ than the wavelength of the incident x-ray in Compton scattering | show 🗑
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| show | Photoelectric effect
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| What causes differential absorption? | show 🗑
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| show | Lowering the kVp
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| show | polyenergetic
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| show | Wavelength
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| X-ray interaction that not only scatters the x-ray but reduces its energy and ionizes the atom as well are known as what type of interaction? | show 🗑
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| Compton interactions or Compton scatter | show 🗑
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| show | Radiopaque
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| show | Radiolucent
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| The energy of the Compton-scattered x-ray is equal to the difference between what? | show 🗑
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| How is the atomic number of tissue related to Compton scattering? | show 🗑
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| show | The light areas; radiopaque
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| show | Backscatter radiation
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| show | Create black areas
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| What is the most common source of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy | show 🗑
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| What kind of human tissue has the highest atomic number and how does this affect the way x-rays react with the patient? | show 🗑
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| What three types of x-rays are important in the creation of a radiograph | show 🗑
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| At low energies, most x-ray interactions with tissue are _______. At high energies, ___________ predominates. | show 🗑
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| ____________ is the ability to image small objects that have high subject contrast. | show 🗑
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| ____________ is the ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast. | show 🗑
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| ___________ is determined by the size, shape, and x-ray-attenuating characteristics of the anatomy that is being examined and the energy of the x-ray beam. | show 🗑
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| show | Image receptor(contrast), Subject (contrast)
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| What are 2 things you can do to minimize magnification? | show 🗑
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| show | High, Short, Low, Long.
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| All images on the radiograph are larger than the objects they represent is a condition called _____________? | show 🗑
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| show | Shape Distortion
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| show | 1. magnification
2. distortion
3. focal-spot blur
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| What are 6 subject factors that affect radiographic quality? | show 🗑
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| What 3 conditions contribute to image distortion? | show 🗑
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| show | Cathode
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| show | Focal spot size
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| If there is a small difference between the OD of the radiograph, what kind of contrast does it have? | show 🗑
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| 2.The elbow of the humerus should be placed under which part of the the x-ray tube to take advantage of the heel effect and minimize the focal spot blur? | show 🗑
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| show | kVp has the most important influence
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| show | Increase
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| Movement of the patient or the x-ray tube during exposure results in ______________. | show 🗑
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| 1. Keeping exposure time as short as possible, controlling contrast (kVp) and optimal density (mAs) are all techniques to create __________ quality images | show 🗑
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| show | Short exposure times
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| show | beam penetrability
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| The degree of blackening of the finished radiograph is called | show 🗑
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| List the four prime exposure factors | show 🗑
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| show | kVp
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| show | mA
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| show | less magnification, less focal- spot blur, and improved spatial resolution
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| show | part thickness, body composition, and pathology
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| What are the 2 main factors that control the optical density, or the degree of blackening of the finished image? | show 🗑
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| How will positioning the part of interest parallel with the image receptor affect your image? | show 🗑
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| show | Radiolucent
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| show | Long, low
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| show | increase
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| With an increase of milliampere what happens to the quality? | show 🗑
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| show | increase
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| show | increase
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| show | decreased
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| What is the 15% rule? | show 🗑
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| show | SID (distance)
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| The number of x-rays produced, or x-ray quantity is controlled by ________? | show 🗑
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| The factors that influence and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed is called ____________. | show 🗑
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| show | kVp
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| show | 3. mAs
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| show | 20 mAs
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| show | 30 mAs
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| mA is a unit of electric current, and mAs is a unit of | show 🗑
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| T/F - The heel effect is caused by the angle of the anode. | show 🗑
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| T/F - The intensity of the x-ray beam varies along the cathode-anode axis, with the maximum intensity being on the anode side, and the minimum intensity on the cathode side. | show 🗑
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| show | detent
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| show | central ray
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| Surrounding the x-ray tube and line with lead is the | show 🗑
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| show | potential energy
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| show | electromagnetic energy
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| X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ________ and are more penetrating. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following are accurate statements regarding the characteristics of x-rays? 1. they are highly penetrating and invisible 2. they cause certain crystals to fluoresce 3. they travel in straight lines at the speed of light | show 🗑
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| show | photon
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| show | kilovolt
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| show | filament
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| show | compress the electron stream
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| A modern dual focus x-ray tube contains 1. one anode 2. two anodes 3. one filament 4. two filaments | show 🗑
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| show | heat
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| show | tube current
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| The heating of the filament in a x-ray tube results in the liberation of electrons by a process termed | show 🗑
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| show | 1 & 2
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| show | induction motor
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| show | mA
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| show | provide a vacuum
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| show | reduce hazard of leakage radiation
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| The heel effect occurs because of | show 🗑
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| show | small focal spot size
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| Tungsten is the choice of material for x-ray anodes because of its | show 🗑
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| show | smaller than the actual focal spot
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| Which of the following is a component of an electromagnetic induction motor? | show 🗑
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| show | high melting point
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| The anode angle of an x-ray tube is increased to give which of the following? | show 🗑
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| Based on this illustration of the bremsstrahlung emission spectrum , what was the kVp selected? | show 🗑
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| How does the radiographer use the operating console to control the quality of x-ray photons produced? | show 🗑
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| show | 100-keV brems
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| To find the energy of a characteristic photon, the outer shell binding energy is subtracted from the ________ binding energy of the shells involved. | show 🗑
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| show | 69 keV
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| show | 2 and 3 only
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| Which support structure is the most common? | show 🗑
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| show | Heat insulator
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| show | Inverse square law
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| The average energy is represented by the _____ of the bell curve of a continuous spectrum | show 🗑
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| show | Thorium
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| Which may happen to projectile electrons when they encounter target atoms? (1) Create heat energy (2) Produce bremsstrahlung x-rays (3) Produce gamma rays | show 🗑
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| Which type of x-rays is produced with the filling of each shell vacancy in the tungsten atom? | show 🗑
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| T/F - In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | not affected
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| Most of the heat generated at the target is due to | show 🗑
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| At 55 kVp, _______ of the x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung. | show 🗑
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| show | slowing electrons
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| Characteristic x-rays are produced by _______. | show 🗑
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| The _____ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube. | show 🗑
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| show | highest
shortest
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| show | 0.3
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| T/F - Filtration of the x-ray beam increases x-ray quantity. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | 2 and 3 only
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| Which factors affect x-ray quantity? (1) kVp (2) Filtration (3) mAs | show 🗑
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| Which term is used interchangeably with x-ray quantity? | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | False
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| Large differences in the effective atomic number of adjacent tissues result in: | show 🗑
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| Movement of the patient or x-ray tube causes: | show 🗑
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| show | Focal-spot blur
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| show | OID and SID
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| show | Magnification factor
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| show | kVp
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| show | Distortion
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| The type of distortion caused by elongation or foreshortening is: | show 🗑
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| show | Increased focal-spot blur
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| Which affect the quality of a radiographic image? (1) Patient positioning (2) Selection of technique factors | show 🗑
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| show | magnification
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| show | (1) Spatial resolution
(2) Contrast resolution
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| Factors used to describe radiographic image quality include: | show 🗑
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| If an x-ray image is underexposed, which technique change would be best to obtain optimal OD on the repeated image? | show 🗑
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| show | Part is positioned parallel to the image receptor
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| T/F - Using a large focal spot increases x-ray beam quality as compared to using a small focal spot. | show 🗑
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| show | Decreased quality and penetrability
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| show | kVp
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|
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| Which image quality factor is controlled by mAs? | show 🗑
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| show | (1) Patient/part thickness
(2) Pathology
(3) Tissue composition
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| show | SID
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| show | Short-scale contrast
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| show | (1) Small focal spot
(2) Longer SID
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| show | two distances and one intensity
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| show | increases proportionately
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| show | 15%
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| As filtration is added to an x-ray beam | show 🗑
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| show | kVp
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|
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| show | position the anatomy close to the IR
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| A thin object at a long SID contributes least to image ____________? | show 🗑
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| What results from an inclined object | show 🗑
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| show | sharp in detail
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| Another term for focal spot blur is | show 🗑
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| Spatial resolution is principally affected by ______ _______ size. | show 🗑
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| Short exposure times are recommended for radiography of the stomach to minimize what? | show 🗑
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| The chest represents high contrast anatomy (high subject contrast). Therefore, what is most appropriate? | show 🗑
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| show | detail visible
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| A shorter gray scale on a radiograph would be obtained by doing what when all other factors remain the same | show 🗑
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| show | 51
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| When a radiographic technique is changed from 22.5 mAs @ 100 cm SID to 200 cm SID, what is the new mAs? | show 🗑
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| T/F - Radiographic density is the degree of blackening of an area of film. | show 🗑
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| show | Absorption characteristics of the body
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| show | greatest density
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| What happens to density with decreases in tissue thickness? | show 🗑
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| show | increasing
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| An abdomen image exhibits motion when using 70 kVp, 100mA and 0.40 sec. Which of the following is the proper correction? | show 🗑
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| grayer overall with less difference between each shade of gray is considered | show 🗑
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| show | 90 kVp @ 5 mAs
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| show | lower
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| The longer the SID (within reason), the _________ the image. | show 🗑
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| The inverse square law applies to which of the following sources? a. Gamma Ray b. Plane c. Point d. Ultrasound e. X-ray | show 🗑
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| The inverse square law is a result of ______. | show 🗑
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| show | d. On the primary side of the the high-voltage transformer
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|
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| The 3 principle parts of an x-ray imaging system are: | show 🗑
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| The large filament is used during radiography when the heat load is _______ and visibility of is ________ important. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | To provide 2 focal spots
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|
||||
| The main reason for using the line focus principle is to? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Higher heat capacity
🗑
|
||||
| Useful characteristic x-rays are produced in tungsten by the | show 🗑
|
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| What is produced when an projectile electron excites an outer-shell electron? | show 🗑
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| Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by conversion of _________ __________ kinetic energy to ___________ energy. | show 🗑
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| show | loses energy
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| show | distance squared
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| Another meaning of x-ray quantity is x-ray _________. | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation quality
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| show | filtration is added
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| show | intensity, IR
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| What scattering contributes to image noise? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following occurs in a Compton interaction? a. An atom is excited b. An atom is ionized c. An photon has increased wavelength d. Kinetic energy is doubled. | show 🗑
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| show | longer wavelength
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| The probability that an x-ray will undergo Compton interactions decreases with increasing | show 🗑
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| show | lower
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| show | c. Fat
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| During a photoelectric interaction an ______ is emitted from the atom. | show 🗑
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| The radiographic image is formed primarily by | show 🗑
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| Differential absorption is the difference between the x-rays that are _____ and those that are ________. | show 🗑
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| show | decreases
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| show | mass density
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| show | Increasing SID
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| show | Proper patient instructions
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| Longer gray-scale on an image can be obtained by doing what? | show 🗑
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| show | Many shades of gray that have minimal differences.
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|
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