Chapter 18: Reactions rates and Equilibrium
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| How is the rate of a chemical reaction expressed? | the reaction rate is usually expressed as the change in the amount of reactant or product per unit time.
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| Define rate: | a measure of how much something changes within a specific amount of time.
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| Collision Theory: | Atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide if the particles have enough kinetic energy.
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| Activation energy: | The minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react.
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| Activated complex: | An unstable arrangement of atoms that forms for a moment at the peak of the activation-energy barrier.
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| What four factors influence the rate of a chemical reaction? | Temperature, concentration, particle size, and the use of a catalyst.
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| Inhibitor: | A substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst.
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| First-order reaction: | Rate is directly proportionate to the concentration of only one reactant.
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| Rate Law: | An expression for the rate of a reaction in terms of the concentration of reactions.
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| Specific rate constant: | A proportionally constant relating to the concentrations of reactants to the rate of the reaction.
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| If products form slowly, then... | ...the value is small
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| Elementary reaction: | Reactants are converted to products in a single step.
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| Reaction mechanism: | The series of elementary reactions or steps that take place during the course of a complex reaction.
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| Intermediate: | A product of one step in the reaction mechanism and a reactant in the next step.
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| Most chemical reactions consist of... | ...two or more elementary reactions.
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| Reversible reaction: | A reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur at the same time.
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| Chemical equilibrium: | A state of balance.
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| Equilibrium position: | The relative concentration of the reactants and products at equilibrium mark.
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| Le Châtelier's principle: | If stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes in a way that relieves the stress.
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| Equilibrium constant: | The ration of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium.
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| Relationship between the solubility product constant and the solubility of a compound: | The smaller the value of the solubility product constant, the lower the solubility of the compound.
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| Common ion: | An ion that is found in both ionic compounds in a solution.
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| Common ion effect: | The lowering of the solubility of an ionic compound as a result of the addition of a common ion.
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| Free energy: | The energy that is available to do work.
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| Spontaneous reaction: | Occurs naturally and favors the formations of products at the stated conditions.
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| Non-spontaneous reaction: | A chemical reaction that does not favor the chemical formation of products at the stated conditions.
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| Entropy: | A measure of the disorder of a system.
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| Law of Disorder: | States that the natural tendency is for systems to move in randomness.
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