Biotechnology - OCR A2 Biology
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| Define Clone: | show 🗑
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| show | Quick. Can be completed if sexual cannot. All offspring have the Genetic Information to enable survival.
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| show | No genetic variation.
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| Define vegetative propagation: | show 🗑
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| show | Root suckers produced by healthy Elm trees.
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| What does 'Taking Cuttings' involve? | show 🗑
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| show | A shoot section of a woody plant is joint to an already growing root and stem. this is genetically identical to the parent plant, but the rootstock is genetically different.
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| Describe Micropropagation by Tissue Culture: | show 🗑
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| Advantages of plant cloning in Agriculture: | show 🗑
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| show | Genetically identical, so all susceptible to disease of environmental change.
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| show | High-value organisms egg and sperm cells are collected. Fertilised In Vitro. Embryo produced is split into several seperate segments. Implanted in surrogate mother.
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| show | Body cells are removed from one organism, and an egg cell from another. Egg cell is enucleated and combined with the body cell via electro-fusion. Left to culture in 'tied oviduct' of organism. Embryo removed and implanted in surrogate mother.
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| Advantages of Animal Cloning: | show 🗑
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| Disadvantages of Animal Cloning: | show 🗑
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| show | Using cloned cells to generate cells tissues and organs to replace those damaged by disease or accidents.
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| Advantages of Non-Reproductive cloning: | show 🗑
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| show | Technology based on Biology and involves the exploitation of living organisms or biological processes, to improve Agriculture, food science, Medicine and Industry.
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| show | Grow rapidly in favourable conditions, can be engineered to produce specific products, can be grown anywhere regardless of climate, gan be grown using waste materials, purer products.
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| show | Substances produced as a part of an organisms normal growth. (e.g. Amino acids, Proteins, Enzymes)
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| show | Substances produced not as a part of an organisms normal growth. (e.g. Penicillin)
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| show | Organisms adjusting to surroundings. Cells are active but not reproducing. Population = fairly constant.
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| show | Population size is doubling each generation. Occurs until nutrients are depleted and space has run out.
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| show | Nutrient levels decrease and waste products build up. Rate of reproduction = rate of death.
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| show | Nutrients have run out, and toxic waste product concentration has increased to a point where the rate of death > rate of reproduction.
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| What conditions need to be controlled in a fermenter? | show 🗑
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| show | Microorganisms are mixed with a specific quantity of nutrients, and left to grow for a fixed period. The products are then removed and the fermenter emptied.
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| show | Nutrients are added to the fermentation tank and products removed at regular intervals.
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| show | Compete for nutrients and space. Reduce yield of useful products. May spoil the product. Produce toxic chemicals. Destroy culture microorganisms.
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| show | The absence of unwanted microorganisms.
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| show | The enzymes are held, separated from the reaction mixture.
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| Advantages of Immobilising enzymes: | show 🗑
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| Disadvantages of Immobilising enzymes: | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes are mixed with an immobilising support, and bind to it via hydrophobic interactions and ionic links.
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| show | Enzyme molecules are covalently bonded to a support. Very little linkage of enzyme from the support.
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| Describe Immobilising enzymes via 'Entrapment': | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes are physically separated from the reaction mixture by a partially permeable membrane.
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| Define Genomics: | show 🗑
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| show | Genomes are mapped to identify which part of the genome they have come from. Samples of the genome are sheared (broken up) and placed into BACs and transferred into E. cool cells. These are then cut with Restriction Enzymes, and sequenced automatically.
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| Why is the ability to compare genomes useful? | show 🗑
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| show | A short single-stranded piece of DNA. It is labelled (either radioactively, or with a flourescent marker).
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| show | Samples of DNA are cut with restriction enzymes. These are placed in wells at one end of the agar gel. An electric current is passed through the gel. DNA is negatively charged so will move towards the anode. Shorter lengths of DNA will get further.
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| What is a Primer? | show 🗑
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| Describe PCR: | show 🗑
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| Define Recombinant DNA: | show 🗑
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| show | Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific point, leaving a complimentary sticky end. To join separate fragments, DNA ligase is used to bind the two sugar-phosphate backbones. (This happens after the complimentary bases have joined with Hydrogen bonds)
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| What is a Transgenic organism? | show 🗑
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| What are the two reasons for carrying out genetic engineering? | show 🗑
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| How do bacterial cells take up Plasmid DNA? | show 🗑
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| Describe Bacterial conjugation: | show 🗑
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| show | Passing on Antibiotic resistance. Contributes to genetic variation.
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| show | mRNA strand is retrieved from pancreatic tissue and the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase used to produce a complimentary DNA strand. DNA polymerase and free DNA nucleotides are added to form the double strand (cDNA).
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| Describe how this human insulin gene is then used to produce insulin: | show 🗑
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| Describe the process of identifying transformed bacteria via the process of Replica Plating: | show 🗑
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| Why is a deficiency of Vitamin A bad? | show 🗑
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| Why is the use of genetically modified crops 'unacceptable'? | show 🗑
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| What is gene therapy? | show 🗑
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| What is somatic cell gene therapy? | show 🗑
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| show | Engineering a gene into a sperm or egg cell, meaning that every cell in the organism contains a working copy of the gene. This gene can now function in any cell that it is required.
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| State some differences between Somatic and Germline cell therapy? | show 🗑
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| show | It will provide a genetically identical organ to the patient so won't be rejected. Will remove the need to wait for a donor.
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