Alcatel-Lucent Service Router Certification: Scalable IP Networks
Help!
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| show | ARPANET
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| Primary Organization behind development of the Internet? | show 🗑
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| Primary design concerns of the original internet? | show 🗑
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| What is NCP? | show 🗑
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| show | Physical: copper, fiber, radio
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| What is OSI Layer 2, what are examples? | show 🗑
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| What is OSI Layer 3, what are examples? | show 🗑
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| What is OSI Layer 4, what are examples? | show 🗑
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| show | Session, Presentation, Application: SSH, HTTP, FTP, etc.
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| What is an RFC? | show 🗑
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| Which organization is in charge of making and improving internet standards? | show 🗑
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| ISPs connect to each other for content at locations called: | show 🗑
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| show | Connects to every other tier 1 network, never need to use a transit network. AT&T, Global Crossing, NTT Communications.
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| Tier 2 ISP: | show 🗑
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| Tier 3 ISP: | show 🗑
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| What is an SLA? | show 🗑
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| What is a Demarcation Point? | show 🗑
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| show | Points of Presence; ISPs connection points over multiple regions. Customers who get internet from the ISP connect via access or hosting facilities in that providers POP.
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| What is Triple Play? | show 🗑
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| Originally IP protocol functions were performed by which protocol? | show 🗑
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| What is an OSI protocol that is still in use? | show 🗑
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| What organization is in charge of distribution of IP addresses? | show 🗑
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| show | RIR – Regional Internet Registry agencies
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| show | FTP
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| show | SSH
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| Port 23: | show 🗑
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| Port 25: | show 🗑
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| Port 53: | show 🗑
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| Port 80: | show 🗑
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| show | DHCP
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| Port 69: | show 🗑
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| show | NTP (Network Timing Protocol)
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| Port 161: | show 🗑
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| TCP/IP Layers? (1-4) | show 🗑
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| Models of ALU Routers and Switches? | show 🗑
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| show | Switch Fabric/Control Processor Module. One per slot in the chassis, two for redundancy. 200Gbps duplex, 400Gbps half (x2 = 800 full!)
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| What is an IOM? | show 🗑
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| show | Half size of IOM. Provide different physical interface options. Accepts the physical data format, converts to internal format and provides some buffering. Then sends to the Flexible Fast Path complex (one per MDA, two per IOM) for intelligent processing.
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| show | Small Form Factor Pluggable. Small optical modules in a variety of formats.
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| What is Flexible Fast Path complex? | show 🗑
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| How can you connect to the ESS or SR series of equipment for management? | show 🗑
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| Which series of devices do NOT allow for redundant SF/CPMs? | show 🗑
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| show | 12=12 (2 reserved SF/CPM), 7=7 (2 reserved SF/CPM), 1=0* *has the IOM intergrated, but can accept 2 MDAs for physical interfaces.
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| What does the ESS series not support? | show 🗑
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| What is BOF? | show 🗑
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| What is cf? | show 🗑
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| show | typically cf3, also where defaults to look for them
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| What are cf1 and cf2 for? | show 🗑
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| What is boot.ldr? | show 🗑
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| show | management port IP address, location of images, location of configs
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| What is TiMOS-m.n.Y.z? | show 🗑
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| What is stored in config.cfg? | show 🗑
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| show | Boot.ldr -> bof.cfg -> TiMOS images -> config.cfg
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| What is the purpose of persistence? | show 🗑
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| What is the prompt icon which indicates and existing and new contexts? | show 🗑
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| show | admin
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| What are the 4 types of logs and alarms? | show 🗑
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| What are the default log-ids? | show 🗑
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| show | Console, Session, Memory, File, Syslog, SNMP
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| Steps to setting up logs? | show 🗑
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| What are most commonly used layer 2 protocols? | show 🗑
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| show | virtual circuits between different devices over shared infrastructure. Usually involves switches. ATM. Uses circuit ID.
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| show | devices send and receive traffic to each other directly through shared medium. Ethernet. Uses MAC address.
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| show | link control to negotiate link characteristics, transfer multiple layer 3 protocols, and authentication.
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| Why aren't some fields used in PPP? | show 🗑
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| What is a Virtual Circuit? | show 🗑
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| Which protocols are used in circuit-switched networks? | show 🗑
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| show | Designed to handle different types of traffic (voice, data, video), so many options available.
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| show | 53-byte cell, 5-byte header. Small size to support latency sensitive applications like voice.
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| show | Virtual Path/Circuit Identification. The ID of the next destination of an ATM cell as it passes through switch routers.
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| What are AALs? | show 🗑
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| What is AAL1? | show 🗑
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| What is AAL2? | show 🗑
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| What is AAL3/4? | show 🗑
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| show | connectionless service (usually IP). No connection set up before data transfer. Actually a footer (comes at end).
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| show | 802.3 and Ethernet II. Ethernet II replaces the Length field with a type field, which is commonly used today. If field is => 1500 (0x600) its Ethernet II.
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| show | 64-1522bytes (1518 old), not including preamble and SFD. Jumbo = 9000 bytes
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| show | 802.3 has the LLC header.
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| show | dynamically from source MAC address of a frame
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| show | Forwarding Database (FDB)
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| show | Link Aggregation Group, protocol to provide link redundancy. 802.3ad. Like Cisco Etherchannel
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| What are the requirements for a LAG? | show 🗑
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| What are the limits of LAGs? | show 🗑
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| show | Dynamically negotiate LAGs. +Less management, -Chance of LAG groups you did not expect
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| show | determines the behavior of LAG when # of links falls below configured threshold value.
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| show | allows the cost of the link to be recalculated when the number of active links is changed (they go down or come up). This cost affects dynamic routing protocols such as OSPF.
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| How do workstations and servers participate in STP? | show 🗑
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| What is the Root Bridge in STP? | show 🗑
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| show | based on numerical value, bridge ID (BID)
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| What is the BID? | show 🗑
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| show | 32,768
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| show | 4Mb=250, 10Mb=100, 16Mb=62, 45Mb=39, 100Mb=19, 155Mb=14, 622Mb=6, 1Gb=4, 10Gb=2
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| How are STP path calculations determined? | show 🗑
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| show | Sent to multicast address 01:80:C2:00:00:00 destination, so only devices participating in STP will receive and process them.
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| How do ports in the discard state handle BPDUs? | show 🗑
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| show | Back-up = same network segment but SAME switch that has a higher path cost to root, Alternate = same network segment but DIFFERENT switch that has a higher path cost to root
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| Advantages to VLANs? | show 🗑
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| show | Routing
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| What are the VLAN IDs? | show 🗑
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| show | Also called Q-in-Q. Allows for the customers to support VLANs in their networks while the ISP supports 4,094 customers
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| Is the IP Protocol reliable? | show 🗑
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| Private IP Ranges? | show 🗑
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| Reserved IP Ranges? | show 🗑
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| When can the /31 mask be used? | show 🗑
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| When can the /32 mask be used? | show 🗑
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| show | VLSM used within an organization, CIDR is used throughout the internet.
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| What is the maximum size of an IP packet? | show 🗑
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| How many FDB are kept on a router? | show 🗑
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| What is Forwarding? | show 🗑
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| show | CPM (control process module)
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| show | NAT = single private to single public, PAT = single public to many private, has to map IP and port number
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| show | IP address, gateway, DNS server, Windows Information Name Servers (WINS)
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| show | Pings, if TTL reaches 0 on a packet an ICMP is sent to let sender know.
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| What is ARP used for? | show 🗑
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| What are ACLs? | show 🗑
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| How many ACL policies can you apply? | show 🗑
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| show | Exclusive = can only be applied to single entity, Template = can be applied to multiple entities
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| show | Broadcast accept message for the first DHCP offer it receives
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| What is the default behavior of a port, and default of a filter? | show 🗑
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| show | IP, MAC, protocol or port matching
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| show | The order in which entries are examined, in ascending order (so lowest first)
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| show | Uniquely IDs the filter (1-65,535)
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| In OSI model what is the difference between TP0 and TP4? | show 🗑
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| show | Each byte of data assigned a sequence number, 32-bit number.
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| show | The next sequence number receiving device expects from the other station. If Seq# = 1450 and window size = 1000, Ack# = 2450
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| show | Used to try and get smallest MTU out of all hops. This is done to try and prevent IP fragmentation.
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| show | SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK
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| show | Initial Sequence Number
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| show | The receiver sets the window size, how much data can be sent before receiving an ACK
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| show | Congestion window initially set to 1-2 segments. It uses the sender's congestion window and the receivers advertised window size.
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| show | 1-1023
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| What is the Ephemeral port range? | show 🗑
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| show | Interior Gateway Protocol. OSPF, IS-IS, RIP. Network under control of a single entity or admin group.
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| show | Exterior Gateway Protocol. BGP. Routes between one AS and another AS. Large number of routes.
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| show | Autonomous System. 0-65,535 controlled by RIR. 0-64,511 = public, 54,512-65,535 = private
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| What is a Distance Vector routing? | show 🗑
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| show | Use a cost metric, take path of least cost to destination. Complete topological view of network. OSPF, IS-IS.
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| show | Policy based, many different ways to influence preferred route, default is shortest AS hop-count.
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| What is a FIB? | show 🗑
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| What is a RIB? | show 🗑
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| What is the RTM? | show 🗑
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| Default Preference Table? | show 🗑
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| What is a Stub Network? | show 🗑
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| What is Bellman-Ford associated with? | show 🗑
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| show | Used with link state routing, gets info from LSPs to form network topology. 3 databases, neighbor, LSD, and routing table.
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| show | Whenever there is a topology change as well as a set interval (30 minutes).
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| show | Sends to hello packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5
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| What is contained in OSPF hello packet? | show 🗑
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| show | Hello exchanged, begin to send network DB info, once completed formed adjacency
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| show | Link State Advertisement, Type 1 contains router description and connected links.
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| What is an ABR in OSPF? | show 🗑
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| What is the Router ID in OSPF? | show 🗑
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| Does changing Router ID update immediately? | show 🗑
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| show | 10/40 seconds
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| In point-to-point links what gets taken out of OSPF hello packets? | show 🗑
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| show | Hello/Dead interval and OSPF MTU
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| What is the order of OSPF states in forming an adjacency? | show 🗑
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| show | slave sends data first.
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| show | uses IP to send which is not reliable, but OSPF application layer makes sure it is sent reliably.
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| Max age of an LSA? | show 🗑
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| show | If seq# is lower than DB = discard lower, send newer info to one who sent it. If seq# same = send ACK and discard. If seq# higher = Place new info into DB, send ACK, forward to neighbours since topology change occured
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| How does OSPF cost calculation work? | show 🗑
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| What are the major differences between IGP and EGP? | show 🗑
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| What are requirements for BGP neighbours? | show 🗑
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| show | Since it uses a TCP session which is inherently reliable, yes
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| show | Peers are when there is a TCP session with two or more routers.
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| show | External = BGP session between routers in different AS. Internal = BGP session between routers in the same AS.
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| show | Manually configure a static route.
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| Is BGP a discovery protocol? | show 🗑
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| show | eBGP = physical link, unless redundant extra links then loopback, iBGP = system interface
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| show | Must peer with every other iBGP speaker to get consistent view of all BGP routes reachable
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| What is the difference between Distance Vector and Path Vector? | show 🗑
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| show | Well-known = mandatory OR discretionary (not required to use but have to support). Optional = transitive (just pass it along even if don't use) OR non-transitive (if not recognized quietly drop)
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| show | Origin (source address), AS-Path (ASes that have to be traversed), and Next-hop (next BGP router to send packets to, must be reachable by static or IGP if not directly connected).
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| show | Both routers start a TCP session, exchange OPEN messages and one sessions is dropped. Keep-alives used to keep session open and UPDATE messages sent when there is a network change.
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| show | NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information). CIDR block or prefix, full AS-Path to dest, next-hop attributes.
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| How many RIB are maintained by BGP? | show 🗑
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| show | 179
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| show | Added tech in order to fine-tune packet forwarding based on specific information. Separate traffic based on type (QoS) or origin (VPN).
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| What is a VPN? | show 🗑
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| What is a CE Device? | show 🗑
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| What is a PE Device? | show 🗑
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| show | Provider Router. Located in the Core Network, so the main bandwidth and switching over a dispersed area. Do not connect directly to CE devices and are unaware of the services being provided to customers, just route based on what PE says.
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| What is a SAP? | show 🗑
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| What is SDP? | show 🗑
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| show | MPLS/RSVP-TE, MPLS/LDP, or IP/GRE
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| show | Locally unique (# on one router has nothing to do with # on separate router), Not unique to a service (many services use the same SDP)
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| How do customers gain access to network services? | show 🗑
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| show | Encrypt data to travel on public network. Used IPSec and SSL. Each device in VPN tunnel had to be configured with correct info. Controlled by customers transparent to providers (but no QoS through core).
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| Are provider based VPN encrypted? | show 🗑
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| show | Label Edge Router. End points of MPLS tunnels, PE devices.
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| show | Label Switch Routers. Core network devices provide connectivity between LERs. P Devices.
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| show | Label Switched Paths. This is the name given to MPLS tunnels. Unidirectional, for bidirectional need to set up LSP in opposite direction.
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| How does MPLS function? | show 🗑
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| show | LERs + LSRs use a SIGNALING PROTOCOL to distribute labels. Either LDP or RSVP.
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| show | Label Distribution Protocol. Like in IP routing protocol except for MPLS labels. Requires IP routing protocol to function. Labels only locally significant (like MAC addresses).
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| show | The core routers in an MPLS network are not aware of IP addressing and only look at the label. Act as though it is a switched network not a routed.
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| show | Ingress Label Edge Router, the router which encapsulates the customer packet with a label.
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| What is eLER? | show 🗑
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| show | For every LSP passing or ending on the router the LSR distributes a label to all LDP neighbours. IGP used to help determine which labels to use.
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| How does RSVP work in MPLS network? | show 🗑
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| What is VPWS? | show 🗑
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| What is VPLS? | show 🗑
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| show | MAC Address FDB (forwarding database) maintained for EACH VPLS, learns source address like a switch, associates MAC to SAPs and SDPs, if no destination unknown will flood to other SAPs (like a switch!).
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| show | Virtual Private Routed Network, similar to VPLS except acts as a logical router instead of a switch. Customer sees it as all sites connected to private routed network admined by provider for that customer only
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| show | PE router providing VPRN maintains routing table for EACH VPRN since each customer may have private IPs being used (overlapping). This table is called VRF.
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| What is the VRF in VPRN? | show 🗑
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| Do CE routers exchange routing info with PE routers? | show 🗑
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