Pathophysiology
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| show | Blood
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| show | The blood vessels
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| What are the components of the blood? | show 🗑
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| show | Carries antibodies and nutrients to tissues and carries waste away.
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| This blood component has RBCs that carry oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from them. | show 🗑
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| This blood component has WBCs that participate in the inflammatory and immune response. | show 🗑
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| show | Thrombocytes
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| show | Plasma
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| show | Osmotic pressure, viscosity, suspension qualities. These all depend on protein content.
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| Osmotic pressure | show 🗑
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| Viscosity | show 🗑
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| show | Regulate acid-base balance, regulate immune response, carry nutrients to tissues, and help to mediate coagulation.
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| Glucose, lipids, amino acids, electrolytes, pigments, hormones, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. | show 🗑
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| show | Urea, uric acid, creatinine, lactic acid. They circulate in the plasma.
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| Where are RBCs usually produced? | show 🗑
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| show | Oxygen to body tissues and carbon dioxide away from them.
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| show | An oxygen-carrying substance that gives RBCs the ability to transport oxygen.
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| show | Tissue's demand for oxygen and the blood cells' ability to deliver it.
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| show | A lack of oxygen to the tissues.
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| show | The formation and release of erythropoietin (hormone that activate bone marrow to produce RBCS).
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| show | 80-90%
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| show | The liver
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| show | Androgens (any steroid hormone that increases male characteristics).
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| What is the life span for a typical RBC? | show 🗑
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| show | Erythrocyte.
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| What does the development of RBCs require? | show 🗑
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| show | A component of hemoglobin and vital to the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
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| show | In food and, once consumed, is absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum.
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| show | Poultry, eggs (egg yolk), dried beans, dried fruit, and salmon.
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| show | It may be transported to the bone marrow for hemoglobin synthesis or to tissues (muscle) for myoglobin synthesis.
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| What is unused iron temporarily stored as? | show 🗑
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| Where is ferritin most commonly located? | show 🗑
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| show | Platelets
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| show | Help constrict damaged blood vessels, form hemostatic plugs in injured blood vessels, and provide substances that accelerate blood clotting.
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| How do platelets form hemostatic plugs? | show 🗑
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| show | Factors III and XIII and platelet factor 3.
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| show | Platelets, plasma, and coagulation factors interact to control bleeding.
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| show | They constrict at the injury site and platelets mesh or clump to help prevent hemorrhage.
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| show | Dyscrasia.
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| What is primary blood dyscrasia? | show 🗑
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| show | It results from a cause other than a defect in the blood (side effect of medication).
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| Name 2 RBC disorders. | show 🗑
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| What is anemia? | show 🗑
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| What is polycythemia? | show 🗑
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| show | Neutropenia and Lymphocytopenia.
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| What is neutropenia? | show 🗑
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| show | Decreased number of lymphocytes in the blood.
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| show | Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytosis, and Thromboctopathy.
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| What is thrombocytopenia? | show 🗑
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| show | Too many platelets.
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| What is thromboctopathy? | show 🗑
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| show | Iron-deficiency anemia.
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| How much iron can the body store before iron-deficiency anemia may be diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| A common disease that affects 10-30% of the adult population, but particularly premenopausal women, infants (esp. premature and low birth rate infants), children, and adolescents. | show 🗑
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| show | Inadequate iron in the diet to keep up with the increased growth.
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| What are risk factors associated with iron-deficiency anemia? | show 🗑
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| When does iron-deficiency anemia occur? | show 🗑
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| What happens to the cells when iron-deficiency anemia occurs? | show 🗑
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| Name the signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia. | show 🗑
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| What occurs if the iron-deficiency anemia is prolonged? | show 🗑
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| show | Bone marrow aspiration.
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| What happens after the iron stores are depleted? | show 🗑
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| show | Small erythrocytes to be produced by the bone marrow, thus as anemia progresses, the MCV, which measures this size of the erythrocytes, also decreases.
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| show | Iron-deficiency anemia.
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| show | The transport protein supplying the marrow with iron. Also known as transferrin.
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| What are the most reliable methods in evaluating iron-deficiency anemia? | show 🗑
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| show | TIBC increased, serum iron levels decreased, low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, small (microcytic) RBCs, hypochromic (less color than normal).
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| Folic acid anemia. | show 🗑
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| show | 20%
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| show | Less than 50mcg/day. Usually induces folic acid deficiency within 4 months, as the liver supplies are depleted.
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| Where is folate found? | show 🗑
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| show | People who rarely eat uncooked vegetables and alcoholics.
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| show | Because it is water-soluble and heat-liable, thus being destroyed in the cooking process.
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| show | Cell growth, particularly RBCs, leading to production of few, deformed RBCs. Megaloblastic cells (enlarged red cells) havea shortened life span; weeks.
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| show | Alcohol abuse, poor diet, pregnancy and breast feeding, and malignant or intestinal disease.
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| Signs and symptoms of folic acid anemia. | show 🗑
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| show | Decreased production of HCL in the stomach acid. Also recognized as a deficiency of intinstic factor.
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| Intrinsic factor. | show 🗑
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| show | Pernicious anemia.
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| show | Yes, because the disease involving the pancreas or ileum impairs absorption.
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| show | Prenicious anemia.
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| What does vitamin B12 deficiency inhibit? | show 🗑
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| show | Strict vegetarians who do not consume any meat or dairy products.
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| Neurologic signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. | show 🗑
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| show | Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, gingival bleeding and tongue inflammation.
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| Cardiovascular signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. | show 🗑
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| show | Dyspnea, orthopnea.
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| Sickle cell anemia/disease | show 🗑
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| What happens when cells are exposed to low oxygen levels? | show 🗑
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| show | It takes time, so if the sickled cell is again exposed to adequate amounts of oxygen, before the membrane becomes too rigid, it can revert to a normal shape. Sickling crisis are intermittent.
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| In what race is sickle cell anemia most prevelant? | show 🗑
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| show | The carrier state of sickle cell.
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| show | 50%
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| How many genes will a child birthed from 2 people with the trait have? | show 🗑
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| show | Range from chronic hemolysis to thrombosis, erythrocytes have a shortened life span, anemia is always present and Hgb is 7-10g/dL, jaundice, bone marrow expansion, and chronic anemia (tachycardia, cardiac murmurs, and enlarged heart).
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| show | Any organ can be affected but primarily the sites with lower circulation: spleen, lungs, CNS
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| show | Infection, stroke, renal failure, impotence, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension.
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| show | Sickle cell crisis; very painful.
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| show | Aplastic crisis; hemoglobin falls rapidly and marrow can't compensate; absence of RBCs.
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| show | Sequestration crisis; most children by 10 years have a nonfunctioning spleen. The liver and lungs are affected in adults.
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shanhaup
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