Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems and Blood
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| ischemia | condition of deficient blood flow due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel.
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| mitral valve stenosis | narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
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| myocardial infarction (MI) | death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (AKA heart attack)
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| peripheral arterial disease (PAD) | disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the arter
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| rheumatic heart disease | damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
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| varicose veins | distended or tortuous veins usually found the the lower extremities
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| anemia | condition in which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes
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| embolus (pl. emboli) | blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation
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| hemophilia | inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
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| leukemia | malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow
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| sepsis | condition in which pathogenic microorganisms enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection
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| Hodgkin disease | malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning at the cervical nodes
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| infectious mononucleosis | acute infection caused y the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fever, and fatigue. Affects young people, transmitted by saliva
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| angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel
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| atherectomy | excision of fatty plaque
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| endarterectomy | excision within the artery (excision of fatty plaque from arterial wall)
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| pericardiocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
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| phlebectomy | excision of a vein
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| phlebotomy | incision into a vein
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| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve
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| splenectomy | excision of the spleen
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| splenopexy | surgical fixation of the spleen
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| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland
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| aneurysmectomy | surgical excision of an aneurysm
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| atrial fibrillation ablasion | procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
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| cardiac pacemaker | battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart
used to treat abnormal heart rhythm
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | surgical technique to bring new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
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| coronary stent | supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery
used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
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| embolectomy | surgical removal of an embolus, or clot, usually with a balloon catheter
pushing the balloon beyond the clot, inflating, then pulling it and the clot out of the incision
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| femoropopliteal bypass | surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
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| implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) | device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm
if arrhythmia occurs the device delivers a shock to bring it back to normal
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| intracoronary thrombolytic therapy | injection of a medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots in the coronary arteries before they harden
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | procedure in which a balloon is passed through a blood vessel into a coronary artery to the area where plaque is formed
inflation of the balloon compresses the plaque against the wall, allowing blood to move by freely
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| bone marrow aspiration | procedure to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow
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| bone marrow biopsy | procedure to obtain a sample of bone marrow
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| bone marrow transplant | infusion of healthy bone marrow cells to a recipient with matching cells from a donor
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| angiography | radiographic imaging of blood vessels
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| angioscope | instrument used for visual exam of blood vessel
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| angioscopy | visual exam of the blood vessel
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| aortogram | radiographic image of the aorta (after contrast media is injected)
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| arteriogram | radiographic image of an artery (after contrast media is injected)
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| echocardiogram(ECHO) | record of the heart using sound
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| electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) | record of the electrical activity of the heart
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| electrocardiograph | instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
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| electrocardiography | process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
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| venogram | radiographic image of a vein (after contrast media is injected)
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| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
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| Doppler ultrasound | study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels
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| exercise stress test | study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill
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| single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles
used to assess damage to cardiac tissue
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| thallium test | nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery
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| transesophageal echocardiogram | ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus
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| cardiac catheterization | diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart through a blood vessel to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels
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| impedance plethysmography(IPG) | measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance in the vein
used to diagnose deep vein thrombosis
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| blood pressure (BP) | pressure exerted by the blood against the blood pressure walls
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| pulse | rhythmic expansion of an artery, created by the contraction of the heart, that can be felt with a fingertip
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| sphygmomanometer | device used for measuring blood pressure
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| C-reactive protein (CRP) | blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood
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| creatine phosphokinase | blood test used to measure the amount of creative phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis
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| homocysteine | blood test used to measure the amount of homocysteine in the blood
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| lipid profile | blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood
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| troponin | blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme
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| coagulation time | blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
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| complete blood count (CBC) and differential count (Diff) | lab test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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| hematocrit (HCT) | blood test to measure the volume of erythrocytes
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| hemoglobin (Hgb) | blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components in erythrocytes
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| prothrombin time (PT) | blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin
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| atrioventricular | pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
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| cardiac | pertaining to the heart
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| cadiogenic | originating in the heart
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| cardiologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
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| cardiology | the study of the heart
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| hypothermia | condition of body temperature that is below normal
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| intravenous | pertaining to withing the vein
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| phlebologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the vein
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| phlobology | the study of the vein
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| hematology | the study of blood
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| hematologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
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| hematopoiesis | formation of blood (cells)
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| hemolysis | dissolution of (red) blood (cells)
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| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding
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| myelopoiesis | formation of bone marrow
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| plasmapharesis | removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
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| thrombolysis | dissolution of a clot
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| bruit | abnormal vascular heart sound heard through auscultation, caused by turbulent blood flow through arteries or veins
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions and artificial ventilation
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| defibrillation | application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
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| diastole | phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions
lower number of the blood pressure reading
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| extracorporeal | occurring outside the body
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| extravasation | escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
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| hypercholesterolemia | excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood, heightened risk of cardiovascular disease
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| fibrillation | rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles
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| hyperlipidemia | excessive amount of fats in the blood
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| hypertension | blood pressure that is above normal
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| hypertriglyceridemia | excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood
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| hypotention | blood pressure that is below normal
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| lipids | fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body are an important constituent of cell structure
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| lumen | space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space withing a blood vessel
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| murmur | abnormal cardiac sound heard through auscultation, caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart
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| occlude | to close tightly, to block
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| systole | phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract and eject blood
upper number of a blood pressure reading
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| vasoconstrictor | agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessel
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| vasodilator | agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessel
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| venipuncture | procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
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| anticoagulant | agent that slows the blood clotting process
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| blood dyscrasia | abnormal or pathogenic condition of the blood
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| hemorrhage | rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding
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| allergen | environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body
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| allergist | physician who studies and treats allergic conditions
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| allergy | hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response
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| anaphylaxis | exaggerated, life-threatening reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as been venom, peanuts, or latex.
symptoms range from hives and sneezing to drop in BP and blockage of the airway
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| antibody | substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens
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| antigen | substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body
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| autoimmune disease | disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue
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| immune | being resistant to specific invading pathogens
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| immunodeficiency | deficient immune response caused by the immune system dysfunction brought on by disease or immunosuppresive drugs
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| immunologist | physician who studies and treats immune system disorders
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| immonology | the branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders
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| phagocytosis | process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells
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| vaccine | suspension of inactivated microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray to prevent infectious diseases by inducing immunity
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