Urinary Elimination
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| What is the normal range of urine production? | 1 to 2 Liters per day.
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| Urine is usually ___ water and ___ solutes. | 95%, 5%.
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| Where are the kidneys located? | The kidneys are level with the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae.
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| What forms the glomerulus? | A cluster of capillaries.
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| What is a sign of glomerular injury? | Proteinuria.
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| Is urine draining from the the ureters to the bladder sterile? | Yes.
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| What are terms used to say the expelling of urine from the body? | Urination, micturition, and voiding.
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| An adult senses the need to urinate when the bladder has how many ml? | 150-200 ml
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| A child senses the need to urinate when the bladder has how many ml? | 50-100 ml
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| What is urinary retention? | An accumulation of urine in the bladder because the bladder is unable to partially or completely empty
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| Children can not control urination voluntarily until? | 18 to 24 months.
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| Urinary tract infections account for what percent of hospital-acquired infections in the United States? | 36% to 40%.
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| What is bacteriuria? | bacteria in the urine.
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| What is urosepsis? | The spread of organisms into the bloodstream.
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| What is residual urine? | urine that remains in the bladder after urination.
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| What is urinary incontinence? | the loss of control over voiding, it is either temporary or permanent.
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| What are the 5 types of urinary incontinence? | Total, Functional, Stress, Urge, and Reflex.
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| What are three common urinary problems? | Urinary Retention, Urinary tract infection, and urinary incontinence.
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| What are three urinary diversions? | Urostomy, infection control and hygiene, developmental considerations.
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| What do you do when assessing a patient for urinary problems? | History, patterns, symptoms, and factors affecting.
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| During a physical assessment, what do you look at? | Skin and mucous membranes, kidney flank, bladder, urethral meatus, I&O, Urine Characteristics.
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| What labs are done to determine urinary problems? | Urinalysis, clean catch, sterile specimen, 24 hour urine.
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| What urinalysis values are looked at? | pH, Protein, Glucose, Ketones, Blood, Specific gravity.
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| What are some non invasive diagnostic tests? | KUB, IVP.
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| What are some invasive diagnostic tests? | Endoscope, Arteriogram.
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| What is urgency? | Feeling of the need to void immediately.
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| What is Dysuria? | Painful or difficult urination.
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| What is frequency? | Voiding at frequent intervals.
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| What is Hesitancy? | Difficulty in initiating urination.
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| What is Polyuria? | Voiding large amount of urine.
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| What is Oliguria? | Diminished urinary output in relation to fluid intake.
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| What is Nocturia? | Urination, particularly excessive, at night.
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| What is dribbling? | leakage of urine despite voluntary control of micturition.
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| What is hematuria? | Presence of blood in urine.
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| What is retention? | Accumulation of urine in bladder, with inability of bladder to empty.
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| What is residual urine? | Volume of urine remaining in bladder after voiding(volumes of 100 ml or more).
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| What is a key indicator of kidney function? | Urine output.
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| How quickly do urine specimens need to be to the lab? | Within 1 hour of collection or be refrigerated.
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| When collecting a 24 hour urine specimen, what do you always do with the first sample? | Discard it.
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| Where is a suprapubic catheter located? | It is inserted surgically into the bladder through the lower abdomen above the symphsis pubis.
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