HCC 2008 Pharmacology
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| Pharmacology | show 🗑
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| show | (drug therapy) The use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms and disease processes.
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| show | drug movement through the body. What the body does to the drug. Includes: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
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| Pharmacodynamics | show 🗑
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| Drugs | show 🗑
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| show | drugs given for therapeutic purposes
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| show | works on a specific area of body
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| Systemic efect | show 🗑
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| Immediate or Long-term effects | show 🗑
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| Sources of drugs | show 🗑
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| show | Chemical name (Salicylic Acid), generic name (Aspirin), trade/brand name (Bayer)
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| show | Major: according to body system, which one it effects(cardiovascular)Minor: indicates use or purpose (antianginal)
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| show | drugs that represent groups of drugs (first drug-standard for comparison) ex. morphine for opioids
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| show | *regulates and monitors drug approval process*enforces drug dispensing laws (can change Rx to OTC)
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| show | US Pharmacopeia- provides drug standards for quality strength and purity.
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| show | given to healthy volunteers
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| show | given to persons with disease or symptoms
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| show | given to larger group of people with disease (blind & DB studies occur w/ use of placebo
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| show | drug is marketed for general use (adverse effects, MEDWATCH, drug could still be removed)
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| Controlled substances | show 🗑
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| Controlled substance act | show 🗑
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| show | Drug Enforcement Administration: enforces controlled substance act
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| Schedules 1-5 | show 🗑
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| nursing responsibilities | show 🗑
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| show | witnessed and co-signed by another nurse
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| Drug Action on the Cell | show 🗑
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| Absorption | show 🗑
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| Factors affecting absorption: | show 🗑
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| Loading dose | show 🗑
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| show | Liquid (absorb faster then tablets), Tablets, gases
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| show | Enteric coated- broken down in intestine, can't crush, highly irritating.EXtended release- breakdown in stomach, CR,SR,LAScored- line through it, can break.
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| show | Enteral: GI tract (oral, NGT, GT)Parenteral: Non-GI tract (injection, IV, topical) Absorbed faster in blood
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| Food and Absorption | show 🗑
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| show | drugs transported from bloodstream to site of action. Determined by bloodflow. Decrease in CO or circulation will reduce it.
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| show | Drug binds to albumin. When bound to protein, drug is inactive. Only the free/unbound portion of drug acts on cells.
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| What does 30% bound to plasma proteins mean? | show 🗑
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| show | It allows part of the drug to be stored and released as needed.
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| What is normal range for serum albumin level (primary protein)? | show 🗑
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| What happens when the albumin level is too low? | show 🗑
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| show | blood-brain barrier: protects CNS, impermeable to most drugs. Drugs must be lipid soluable for CNS distribution.Placenta: most drugs can cross throughBreast milk: many drugs
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| Metabolism | show 🗑
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| Main organ of metabolism? | show 🗑
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| How does Metabolism work? | show 🗑
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| WHy are oral doses generally larger than parenteral? | show 🗑
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| First-pass effect | show 🗑
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| show | Delayed metabolism, drug accumulation, adverse reactions/toxicity, dose reduced. Larger dose should be used.
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| Excretion | show 🗑
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| show | Impaired kidneys-impairs excretion- drug accumulation-ADR/toxicity. Reduce the dose, monitor kidneys (creatinine levels and I&O)
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| What is purpose of serum drug levels? | show 🗑
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| Toxic concentration | show 🗑
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| Therapeutic range | show 🗑
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| show | The time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%.
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| Importance of half-life | show 🗑
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| show | CHemically by binding with receptors at the cellular level. Drug fits into receptor sites like key and lock. Can inhibit of stimulate cell function.
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| Receptors | show 🗑
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| Intensity of drug on the cells depends on what? | show 🗑
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| show | By changing the permeability of the cell membrane to one or more ions causing depolarization(excitation) of cell: opens or closes ion channels ex. Na+ Cl+
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| show | they can modify the release, synthesis, or inactivation of neurotransmitters (regulate physiologic processes) ex.norepinephrine, seratonin, acetylcholine
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| show | drug action may be increased or decreased when 2nd drug taken. Caused by altered drug metabolism or competition for binding sites.
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| Additive effect | show 🗑
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| show | drug effects are decreased. ex. tetracycline and antacid=decreased absorption of tetracycline
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| show | 2 drugs with different actions produce greater effect than either given alone. ex.codeine and tylenol=greater pain relief
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| show | when one drug interferes with the metabolism or elimination of a 2nd drug causing an increased effect of the 2nd drug. ex. tagamet and theophylline=decreased theophylline metabolism
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| Agonist | show 🗑
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| show | cause a small response in cell and block other responses
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| show | a drug given to reduce the toxic effects of another drug. ex. Narcan to relieve effects of morphine
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| show | drugs that inhibit cell functions by attaching and blocking receptor sites to natural body substances or other drugs. ex. Narcan- wakes you up
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| show | *Dairy products reduce absorption of tetracycline.*Foods high in vitamin K can interact w/ anticoagulants*Grapefruit juice
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| Unit dose | show 🗑
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| Variables that effect druge action | show 🗑
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| show | liver damage (adverse effect)
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| show | renal damage (adverse effect)
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| Tolerance | show 🗑
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| idiosyncratic | show 🗑
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| show | antigen/antibody reaction
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| cumulative effect | show 🗑
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| Controversial | show 🗑
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| Maintenance therapy | show 🗑
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| show | drug given to prevent illness from occurring ex. low dose heparin to prevent clots after surgery
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| therapeutic index | show 🗑
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| Pregnancy category | show 🗑
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| Narcotic analgesics | show 🗑
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