Microbiology: Microbial Interaction with Humans
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| What is an organism that lives on or in another organism and causes disease? | Parasite
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| What is normal flora? | collection of microbes normally found within a healthy body
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| Pathogen | Disease causing parasite
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| Opportunistic pathogen | Causes disease in the absence of normal host resistance
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| Pathogenicity | Ability of parasite to cause disease
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| What is the quantitative measurement of an organisms ability to cause disease? | Virulence
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| Our body is not uniform describes the differences in | temperature, osmotic pressure, water availibility, nutrients, and oxygen availability
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| Epithelial cells have ___ to help wash away microorganisms | mucus. But some microbes have receptors that bind to epithelial cells and go into the cells.
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| Where can microbes grow on the outer surfaces | Moist areas like sweat glands
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| Why is skin good against microbe growth | dry and acidic
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| Eccrine glands | Main sweat glands that are responsible for thermoregulation
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| Apocrine glands | Wherever there is hair
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| Skin Flora: Transients | Organisms that don't grow but are contaminants
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| Skin flora: Residents | Able to grow on skin, most G+
Examples: Staphylococcus, corynebacteria, and P. acne
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| Mouth Protection: Lysozyme | Breaks glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan
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| Mouth Protection: Lactoperoxidase | Produces toxic singlet oxygen and kills bacteria
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| Normal flora around teeth | Streptococci and Lactobacilli, when teeth grow in we get colonies
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| Dental plaque | Thick layer of bacteria and polymers that they secrete
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| Steps in plaque growth | 1.Deposition (settling) of glycoproteins
2.Attachment of facultative bacteria
3.Colonies form of facultative bacteria and secondary growth
4.decalcification of enamel
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| What are the facultative bacteria of the teeth? | Strepococcus sangula, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis
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| what are the secondary growths or the teeth? | Fusobacteria and actinomyses
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| What are the two responsible bacteria causing plaque? | Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus
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| S. mutans | Grows in cracks/crevices between teeth. Produces a very thick glucose polymer.
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| What enzyme does S. mutans use to grow glucose polymer? | Dextransucrase
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| Helicobacter pylori | Causes stomach ulcers
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| Duodenum | Nearest the stomach, fairly acidic, similar flora of stomach
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| Jejunum and Ileum | pH is more alkaline and more bacteria; Enterococci and Lactobacilli
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| Large Intestine Facultative Enterobacteria | E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis
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| Large Intestine Obligative Anaerobes | Bascteroides, Clostridium, and long fusiform (long G- rods)
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| Bioconversions in the large intestine are responsible for | Gas and odor products
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| What are produced in the large intestine? | Vitamin B12 and K and steroids
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| Streptococcus pyogenes | Strep throat and flesh eating bacteria
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| Staphylococcus aureus | Staph infections and boils
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| Corynebacterium diptheriae | diphtheria
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| Steptococcus pneumoniae | pneumonia
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| Smoker's cough | Caused by paralysis of ciliary action by nicotine and other cytotoxins, causes accumulation of mucus and bacteria in the lower respiratory system.
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| Lactobacillus scidophilus | Colonizes the vaginal epithelium and normal flora
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| Onset of puberty in vagina causes secretions of | Glycogen and Lactobacillus
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| Tissue specificity | Organism targets specific type of tissue
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| Host Specificity | Organism only infects only a certain host
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| How is specificity of an organism possible? | Glycocalix (polysaccharides on cell surface) and fimbriae (binds to glycoproteins on cell surface- mannose)
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| Colonization factor antigen (CFA) | fimbriae-like proteins that allow organism (E. coli) to attach to the mucosa of the small intestine
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| Enteropathogenic E. coli | Have CFA's and toxins that produce diarrhea. Large intestine.
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| Transferrin and Lactoferrin | Proteins that bind tightly to iron. So if bacteria want iron they have have to have even stronger siderophores.
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| Siderophores | Iron or ferrin (Fe) binding proteins
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| Aerobactin | Plasmid that carries gene for siderophore and allows bacteria to remove iron from host
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| Localization of infection | pathogens grow locally and do not spread out
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| Bacteremia | Extensive growth in tissue happens some of he organisms can overflow into the blood
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| Septicemia | or systemic infection; continued growth and infection in the blood.
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| Virulence is determined by | toxicity and invasiveness
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| Clostridium tetani | produces a highly toxic exotoxin that makes it very virulent
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Highly invasive and multiplies rapidly in lung tissue
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| LD50 | Lethal dose to kill 50% of population
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| ID50 | Infectious dose to infect 50% of population
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| Virulence factors | Any extracellular proteins that are produced by pathogen and is essential for disease causing
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| Salmonella | Combines toxins, invasiveness and virulence factors to be more pathogenic
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| Cytotoxin | Substance having a specific toxic effect on certain cells
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| Enterotoxin | a cytotoxin specific for cells of intestinal mucosa
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| Endotoxin | Toxin produced by certain bacteria and released upon destruction of bacterial cell
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| Attenuation | Bacterial virulence decreases because of mutation of virulence factors (not needing them)
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| Hyaluronidase | breaks down hyaluronic acid that acts as a cell cement, and allows organisms to spread through tissue
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| Collagenase | Breaks down collagen in the tissues causing them to become loose and allows the organism to spread
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| Streptokinase | Dissolves clots and allows organism to spread- used in heart attack victims
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| Coagulase | Promotes fibrin clotting and stops defense from reaching cells
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| Hemolysis | Proteins that lyse cells (best seen in RBC)
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| Leukocidins | Lyse WBC and decrease host resistance
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| Exotoxins | Protein toxins produced and released outside of the cell. Heat sensitive.
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| Diphtheria toxin | produced by C. diptheriae. Inactivates elongation factor 2 that is required in protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
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| Phage beta in C. diptheriae | Unless incorporated into gene C. diptheriae does not produce the toxin
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| Tetanus toxin is produced by | Clostridium tetani in anaerobic wounds, potent neuortoxin by blocking the release of glycine causing spastic paralysis
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| Botulinum Toxin | Produced by clostridium botulinum, grows in food not humans, toxin kills you by blocking acetylcholine release and causes flaccid paralysis
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| Enterotoxins | Form of exotoxins in small intestine and cause massive secretion of fluid into intestine
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| Food poisoning bacteria | Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus
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| Intestinal pathogens | Vibrio cholerae, enteropathogenic E. coli, and Salmonella enteritidis
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| Cholera | Diarrheal disease by cholera enterotoxin (Vibrio cholereae, G-, comma shaped)
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| Endotoxins | G- bacteria produce toxic lipopolysaccharides and are cell bound, but released when cells lyse.
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| Limulus assay | Tests for endotoxins, will lyse amoebocytes in medium
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| Specific host defenses | Against a particular organism or group of organisms
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| Nonspecific host defenses | against all pathogens
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| Tissue Specificity | Organism must colonize specific tissue to survive
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