Adult III test 3
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| show | the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophypopysis)
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| show | anterior pituitary gland
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| the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus through | show 🗑
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| show | six hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
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| show | tropic hormones
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| show | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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| stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids | show 🗑
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| show | growth hormone
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| show | the posterior pituitary gland
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| the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are actually produced in the | show 🗑
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| show | antidiuretic hormone
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| the most important stimulus to ADH secretion is | show 🗑
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| will increase when there is a decrease in extracellular fluid or an in solute concentration | show 🗑
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| show | ADH release
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| When ADH is released the renal tubules reabsorb water, creating a more | show 🗑
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| show | more dilute urine
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| is located in the anterior portion of the neck in front of the trachea | show 🗑
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| show | anterior pituitary gland
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| show | thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (t3), and calcitonin
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| the major function of the thyroid gland is the | show 🗑
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| show | T4
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| show | T3
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| necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones | show 🗑
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| t4 and t3 affect | show 🗑
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| show | anterior pituitary gland
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| when circulating levels of thyroid hormone are low, the hypothalamus releases ______, which in turn causes the anterior pituitary to release ______ | show 🗑
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| High circulating thyroid hormone levels have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of both | show 🗑
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| is a hormone produced by C cells of the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels | show 🗑
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| inhibits calcium reabsorption from bone, increases calcium storage in bone, and increases renal excretion of calcium and phosphorus, thereby lowering serum calcium levels | show 🗑
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| show | calcium balance
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| show | a goiter
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| in a person with a goiter the thyroid cells are stimulated to grow, which may result in an | show 🗑
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| show | toxic goiter
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| show | thyroid hormone
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| the most common cause of goiter worldwide is a lack of | show 🗑
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| show | overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormone or to nodules that develop in the gland itself
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| show | goitrogens
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| show | TSH and t4
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| show | a thyroid nodule
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| benign nodules are usually not dangerous but they can cause tracheal compression if they become | show 🗑
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| is the most common endrocrine related carcinoma | show 🗑
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| the four main types of thyroid cancer include | show 🗑
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| is the most common type, accounting for about 70% to 80% of all thyroid cancers. they tend to grow more slowly and spreads initially to lymph nodes in the neck | show 🗑
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| show | follicular
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| show | medullary
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| is found in less than 5% of patients with thyroid cancer, the most advanced and aggressive thyroid cancer, least likely to respond to treatment | show 🗑
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| the primary sign of thyroid cancer is the presence of a | show 🗑
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| show | ultrasound
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| show | diagnostic options
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| FNA is considered one of the most effective methods to identify | show 🗑
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| nursing care for a patient with thyroid cancer it is important to asses the patient for | show 🗑
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| is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can have several causes | show 🗑
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| show | subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
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| show | acute thyroiditis
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| show | throat, ears, or jaw
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| show | fever, chills, sweats, and fatigue
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| can lead to hypothyroidism, and is a chronic autoimmune disease in which thyroid tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous tissue | show 🗑
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| is a form of lymphocytic thyroiditis with a variable onset | show 🗑
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| show | t4 and t3
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| in subacute, acute, and silent thyroiditis TSH levels are usually | show 🗑
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| show | low, high
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| show | antibiotics or surgical drainage
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| NSAIDs are used in | show 🗑
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| show | propranolol and antenolol
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| nursing care of the patient with thyroiditis involves teaching about the treatment regimen and | show 🗑
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| show | addison's disease, pernicious anemia, premature gonadal failure, or graves disease
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| is hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | thyrotoxicosis
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| hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis occur together as in | show 🗑
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| hyperthyroidism occurs more in women than in men, with the highest frequency in persons age | show 🗑
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| show | Grave's disease
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| show | t3, t4, or both
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| graves disease may progress to the destruction of the thyroid gland causing | show 🗑
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| show | toxic
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| The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are related to the effect of | show 🗑
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| excess circulating thyroid hormone directly increases | show 🗑
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| show | a reflection of increased blood supply
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| show | abnormal eye appearance or function
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| A classic finding in Grave's disease is exophthalmos, which is | show 🗑
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| a type of infiltrative opthalmopathy that is due to impaired venous drainage from the orbit, which causes increased fat deposits and fluid in the retroorbital tissues | show 🗑
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| show | in ophthalmopathy
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| show | corneal ulcers and eventual loss of vision
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| show | systolic HTN, > rate and force of contractions, bounding rapid pulse, > cardiac output, cardiac hypertrophy, systolic murmurs, dysrhythmias, palpitations, A-fib (more common in older adult), angina
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| show | > RR and dyspnea on mild exertion
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| thyroid hyperfunction on the GI system | show 🗑
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| thyroid hyperfunction on the integumentary system | show 🗑
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| thyroid hyperfunction on the musculoskeletal system | show 🗑
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| thyroid hyperfunction on the nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | menstrual irregularities, amenorrhea, < libido, impotence in men, gynecomastia in men, < fertility
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| show | intolerance to heat, elevated basal temp, lid lag, stare, eyelid retraction, exophthalmos, goiter, rapid speech
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| show | weight loss and increased nervousness
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| also called a thyroid storm, is an acute, rare condition in which all hyperthyroid manifestations are heightened, considered a life threatening emergency, and caused by stressors | show 🗑
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| manifestations of thyrotoxic crisis are | show 🗑
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| show | reducing circulating thyroid hormone levels and the clinical manifestations of this disorder by appropriate drug therapy
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| show | respiratory distress, fever reduction, fluid replacement, and elimination or management of the initiating stressor
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| the two primary lab findings used to confirm the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism are | show 🗑
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| The RAIU test is used to differentiate | show 🗑
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| The overall goal in the treatment of hyperthyroidism is to | show 🗑
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| show | antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and subtotal thyroidectomy
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| Drugs that are used to treat hyperthyroidism include | show 🗑
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| the first line antithyroid drugs and inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones, good results usually seen in 4-8 weeks | show 🗑
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| show | Grave's disease (young), hyperthyroidism (pregnancy), and the need to achieve a euthyroid state before surgery or radiation therapy
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| used with other antithyroid drugs to prepare the pt for thyroidectomy or for treatment of thyrotoxic crisis, inhibits the synthesis of T3 anf T4 and blocks release of these hormones into circulation, decreases the vascularity of the gland,not effective tx | show 🗑
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| show | beta-adrenergic blockers
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| treatment of choice for nonpregnant women, it damages or destroys thyroid tissue, thus limiting thyroid hormone secretion, effect not seen for 2-3 months, pt usually treated w/ antithyroid drugs before and during, >risk for hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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| indicated for individuals who had a large goiter causing tracheal compression, have been unresponsive to antithyroid therapy, or have thyroid cancer | show 🗑
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| is the preferred surgical procedure and involves the removal of significant portion (90%) of the thyroid gland | show 🗑
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| is a minimally invasive procedure, several small incisions are made through which a scope and instruments can be passed to remove thyroid tissue or nodules | show 🗑
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| show | damage to parathyroid glands, hemorrhage, injury to laryngeal nerve, thyrotoxic crisis, and infection
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| nutritional therapy for hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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| The overall goals that patient with hyperthryoidism will | show 🗑
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| show | applying artificial tears, salt restriction, elevate pts head, dark glasses, tape eyes shut for sleep, teach pt to exercise intraocular muscles several times/day
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| results from insufficient circulating thyroid hormone as a result of a variety of abnormalities | show 🗑
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| hypothyroidism can be two types | show 🗑
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| related to destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | secondary
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| causes of primary hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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| show | anterior pituitary gland or hypothalamus dysfunction
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| thyroid hypofunction on the cardiovascular system | show 🗑
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| thyroid hypofunction on the respiratory system | show 🗑
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| show | < appetite, N&V, weight gain, constipation, distended abdomen, enlarged, scaly toungue
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| thyroid hypofunction on the integumentary system | show 🗑
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| thyroid hypofunction on the musculoskeletal system | show 🗑
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| show | apathy, lethargy, fatigue, forgetfulness, slowed mental processes, hoarseness, slow, slurred speech, prolonged relaxation of deep tendon muscles, stupor, coma, paresthesias, anxiety, depression
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| thyroid hypofunction on the reproductive system | show 🗑
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| thyroid hypofunction on other systems | show 🗑
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| show | myxedema
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| show | myxedema coma
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| show | infection, drugs, exposure to cold, and trauma
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| show | vital functions must be supported and IV thyroid hormone replacement must be administered
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| show | TSH and T4
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| show | high, low
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| other abnormal labs are elevated with hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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| show | hormone replacement
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| show | levothyroxine (synthroid)
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| your assessment of the patient who is suspected of having hypothyroidism should include questions about | show 🗑
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| show | experience relief of symptoms, maintain a euthyroidstate, maintain a positive self-image, and comply with lifelong thyroid replacement therapy
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| teaching for a patient with hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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| show | anticoagulants, digitalis compounds
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| show | parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| the major roll of the parathyroid gland is to regulate the blood level of | show 🗑
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| PTH acts on | show 🗑
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| show | calcium and phosphate into the blood
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| show | increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion
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| show | most active form
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| The active vitamin D then enhances the intestinal absorption of | show 🗑
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| the normal function is when the serum calcium is low PTH secretion _____, when the serum calcium level rises, PTH secretion _____ | show 🗑
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| show | hyperparathyroidism
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| show | serum calcium levels
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| show | hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
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| the majjor manifestations of hyperparathyroidism include | show 🗑
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| major signs of hyperparathyroidism include | show 🗑
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| show | renal failure, pancreatitis, cardiac changes, and long bone, rib, and vertebral fractures
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| in patients with hyperparathyroidism PTH levels are | show 🗑
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| show | urine calcium, serum chloride, uric acid, creatinine, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase
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| show | relieve symptoms and prevent complications caused by excess PTH
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| the most effective treatment for primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism is | show 🗑
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| normal parathyroid tissue in the forearm or near the sternocleidomastoid muscle is usually done in surgical therapy for hyperparathyroidism | show 🗑
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| dietary measures for hyperparathyroidism include maintenance of | show 🗑
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| show | bisphosphonates (Fosamax)
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| show | diuretics
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| the major post operative complications for hyperparathyroidism are associated with | show 🗑
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| show | tetany
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| characterized by unpleasant tingling of the hands and around the mouth | show 🗑
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| If tetany become severe what should be given | show 🗑
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| nursing interventions for patients with hyperparathyroidism | show 🗑
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| show | hypoparathyroidism
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| show | accidental removal of the parathyroid glands
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| severe hypomagnesemia also leads to a suppression of | show 🗑
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| sudden decreases in calcium concentration cause tetany, characterized by | show 🗑
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| show | decreased serum calcium and increased serum phosphate levels
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| the primary management of hypoparathyroidism are to treat | show 🗑
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| the patient with hypoparathyroidism needs instructions in the management of | show 🗑
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| is used in chronic and resistant hypocalcemia to enhance intestinal calcium absorption | show 🗑
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| show | adrenal medulla
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| a rare condition characterized by a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excessive catecholamines | show 🗑
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| the mos dangerous immediate effect of pheochromocytoma is | show 🗑
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| if pheochromocytoma is left untreated it may lead to | show 🗑
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| show | severe pounding headache, tachycardia w/ palpitations, profuse sweating, and unexplained abdominal or chest pain
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| the simplest and most reliable test for pheochromocytoma is | show 🗑
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| the primary treatment for pheochromocytoma consists of | show 🗑
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| show | adrenal cortex
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| regulate metabolism, increase blood glucose levels, and are critical in the physiologic response to stress | show 🗑
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| show | cortisol
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| show | mineralocorticoids
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| show | aldosterone
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| contribute to growth and development in both genders and to sexual activity in adult women | show 🗑
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| refers to any one of the three types of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex | show 🗑
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| is a spectrum of clinical abnormalities caused by an excess of corticosteroids | show 🗑
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| show | weight gain
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| the clinical presentation is the first indication of cushing syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | a pituitary adenoma
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| show | removal of the tumor
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| drug therapy can also be used for cushing synrdome and the goal for these drugs are to inhibit corticosteroid synthesis | show 🗑
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| if cushing syndrome has developed during the course of prolonged administration of corticosteroids one of these alternatives may be tried | show 🗑
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| show | adrenal insufficiency
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| the overall goals are that the patient with cushing syndrome will | show 🗑
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| show | S/S of hormone and drug toxicity and complication conditions
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| on a cushing syndrome patient you was to continually assess and monitor | show 🗑
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| another important focus on a cushing syndrome patient is emotional support because | show 🗑
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| show | Addison's disease
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| show | lack of pituitary ACTH secretion
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| In addison's disease all three classes of adrenal corticosteriods are reduced | show 🗑
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| show | autoimmune response
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| show | progressive weakness, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, skin hyperpigmentation, a striking feature on pressure points, over joints, and in the creases
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| other frequent manifestations for addisons disease are | show 🗑
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| show | addisonian crisis
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| show | stress, sudden withdrawal of corticosteroids, after adrenal surgery, following sudden pituitary gland destruction
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| manifestations of addisonian crisis include | show 🗑
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| show | subnormal or fail to rise over basal levels with ACTH stimulation test
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| a failure of cortisol levels to rise in response to a ACTH stimulation test indicates | show 🗑
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| a positive response to ACTH stimulation indicates a functioning adrenal gland and points a probably diagnosis or | show 🗑
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| show | hyperkalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, anemia, and increased BUN levels
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| the mainstay of adrencortical insufficiency is | show 🗑
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| the most commonly used form of replacement therapy, has both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid properties | show 🗑
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| patient with addison's disease teachings | show 🗑
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| show | aldosterone
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| show | hyperaldosteronism
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| show | hypertension and hypokalemic alkolosis
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| elevated levels of aldosterone are associated with | show 🗑
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| sodium retention leads to | show 🗑
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| show | hypokalemia (causes generalized muscle weakness), fatigue, cardiac dysrhythmias, glucose intolerance, metabolic alkalosis (lead to tenany)
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| show | surgical removal of the adenoma
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| show | potassium-sparing diuretic (sprionolactone, amiloride [Midamor]) or aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) which blocks aldosterone synthesis
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| show | acromegaly
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| show | joint pain that can range from mild to crippling
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| show | thickening and enlargement of bony and soft tissues on the face and head
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| enlargement of the tongue results in | show 🗑
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| show | surgery on the pituitary gland
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| clinical manifestations of acromegaly | show 🗑
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| show | hypopituitarism
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| a deficiency is only one pituitary hormone is | show 🗑
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| total failure of the pituitary gland results in a deficiency in all pituitary hormones | show 🗑
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| show | GH and gonadotropins
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| causes of hypopituitarism include | show 🗑
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| show | hormone levels, CT, and MRI
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| treatment for hypopituitarism is | show 🗑
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| is associated with a deficiency of production of or secretion of ADH or a decreased renal response to ADH | show 🗑
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| occurs when a lesion of the hypothalamus, infundibular stem, or posterior pituitary interferes with ADH synthesis, transport, or release | show 🗑
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| show | nephrogenic DI
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| show | primary DI
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| DI is characterized by | show 🗑
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| diagnosis of DI include | show 🗑
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| show | iv fluids, DDVAP (desmopressin acetate), Pitressin, Diabinase, Tegretol, Thiazide diuretics, Indocin
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| show | syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
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| characterized by | show 🗑
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| show | vomiting, abdominal cramps, muscle twitching, and seizures
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| show | simultaneously measurements of urine and serum osmolality
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| treatment is | show 🗑
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| show | Diuretics, hypertonic saline, demeclocycline (antibiotic)
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