Cell Structure and Function
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| Capsule | Gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria.
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| Cell | Structural and functional unit of an organism; the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.
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| Cell Theory | One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction; and cells come only from pre-existing cells.
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| Cell Wall | Structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell’s shape and rigidity.
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| Centriole | Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
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| Centrosome | Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
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| Chloroplast | Membranous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.
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| Chromatin | Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
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| Chromosome | Rodlike structure in the nucleus seen during cell division; contains the hereditary units, or genes.
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| Cilium (pl., cilia) | Motile, short, hairlike extensions on the exposed surfaces of cells.
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| Cristae | Short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria.
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| Cytoplasm | Contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles.
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| Cytoskeleton | Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells, sometimes having attached ribosomes. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not.
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| Endosymbiont Hypothesis | Possible explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes.
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| Eukaryotic Cell | One of the two major types of cells; contain a nucleus.
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| Flagellum (pl., flagella) | Slender, long extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm.
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| Glycoprotein | Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Organelle, consisting of flattened saccules and also vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell.
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| Granum (pl., grana) | Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast.
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| Lysosome | Membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules.
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| Matrix | Unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles.
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| Microtubule | Small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of the protein tubulin about an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
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| Mitochondrion | Membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration.
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| Motor Molecule | Protein that derives energy from ATP to propel itself along a protein filament or microtubule.
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| Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
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| Nuclear Pore | Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.
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| Nucleoid | Region of a bacterium where the bacterial chromosome is found; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope.
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| Nucleolus | Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits.
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| Nucleoplasm | Semifluid medium of the nucleus, containing chromatin.
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| Nucleus | Membrane-bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell.
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| Organelle | Small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm, having a specific structure and function.
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| Peroxisome | Enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products.
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| Plasma Membrane | Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell.
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| Plasmid | Self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria.
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| Polyribosome | String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis.
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| Prokaryotic cell | Lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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| Ribosome | RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
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| Secretion | Releasing of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be gland or part of a gland.
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| Slime Layer | Gelatinous sheath surrounding the cell wall of certain bacteria.
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| Stroma | Fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
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| Thylakoid | Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
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| Vacuole | Membrane-bounded sac that holds fluid and a variety of other substances.
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| Vesicle | Small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell.
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