Unit 4 Meteorology
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| ozone | a form of oxygen, O 3 , with a peculiar odor suggesting that of weak chlorine, produced when an electric spark or ultraviolet light is passed through air or oxygen
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| troposphere | the lowest layer of the atmosphere
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| stratosphere | the lowest layer of the atmosphere
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| mesosphere | the region between the ionosphere and the exosphere
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| thermosphere | the region of the upper atmosphere in which temperature increases continuously with altitude, encompassing essentially all of the atmosphere above the mesosphere.
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| conduction | the transfer of heat between two parts of a stationary system, caused by a temperature difference between the parts.
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| convection | the transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of the heated parts of a liquid or gas.
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| radiation | the process in which energy is emitted as particles or waves.
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| reflection | the return of light, heat, sound, etc., after striking a surface.
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| scattering | the process in which a wave or beam of particles is diffused or deflected by collisions with particles of the medium that it traverses.
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| greenhouse effect | an atmospheric heating phenomenon, caused by short-wave solar radiation being readily transmitted inward through the earth's atmosphere but longer-wavelength heat radiation less readily transmitted outward
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| albedo | the ratio of the light reflected by a planet or satellite to that received by it.
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| isotherms | a line on a weather map or chart connecting points having equal temperature.
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| precipitation | falling products of condensation in the atmosphere, as rain, snow, or hail.
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| latent heat | heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at constant temperature and pressure.
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| evaporation | heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at constant temperature and pressure.
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| condensation | the process by which atmospheric water vapor liquefies to form fog, clouds, or the like, or solidifies to form snow or hail.
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| sublimation | The process of changing from a solid to a gas without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
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| humidity | condition; moistness; dampness.
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| saturated | soaked, impregnated, or imbued thoroughly; charged thoroughly or completely; brought to a state of saturation.
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| dew point | the temperature to which air must be cooled, at a given pressure and water-vapor content, for it to reach saturation; the temperature at which dew begins to form.
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| hygrometer/psychrometer | any instrument for measuring the water-vapor content of the atmosphere.
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| weather front | a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena.
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| condensation nuclei | any tiny suspended particle in the atmosphere, either liquid or solid, upon which condensation of water vapor begins
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| cirrus | a cloud of a class characterized by thin white filaments or narrow bands and a composition of ice crystals
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| cumulus | a cloud of a class characterized by dense individual elements in the form of puffs, mounds, or towers, with flat bases and tops that often resemble cauliflower
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| sratus | a cloud of a class characterized by a gray, horizontal layer with a uniform base, found at a lower altitude than altostratus
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| supersatured | to increase the concentration of (a solution) beyond saturation; saturate abnormally.
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| air pressure | the force exerted by air, whether compressed or unconfined, on any surface in contact with it.
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| barometer | any instrument that measures atmospheric pressure.
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| pressure gradient | the change in atmospheric pressure per unit of horizontal distance in the direction in which pressure changes most rapidly.
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| coriolis effect | the apparent deflection (Coriolis acceleration) of a body in motion with respect to the earth, as seen by an observer on the earth, attributed to a fictitious force (Coriolis force) but actually caused by the rotation of the earth
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| jet stream | strong, generally westerly winds concentrated in a relatively narrow and shallow stream in the upper troposphere of the earth.
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| cyclone | a large-scale, atmospheric wind-and-pressure system characterized by low pressure at its center and by circular wind motion, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
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| anti-cyclone | a circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
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| trade winds | any of the nearly constant easterly winds that dominate most of the tropics and subtropics throughout the world, blowing mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.
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| westerlies | any semipermanent belt of westerly winds, especially those that prevail at latitudes lying between the tropical and polar regions of the earth.
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| polar easterlies | the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and south poles towards low-pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes.
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| anemometer | any instrument for measuring the speed of wind.
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| el nino | a warm ocean current of variable intensity that develops after late December along the coast of Ecuador and Peru and sometimes causes catastrophic weather conditions.
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| air mass | a body of air covering a relatively wide area, exhibiting approximately uniform properties through any horizontal section.
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| stationary front | a front between warm and cold air masses that is moving very slowly or not at all.
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| occluded front | a composite front formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front and forces it aloft.
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| storm surge | an abnormal rise in the level of the sea along a coast caused by the onshore winds of a severe cyclone.
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