Honors Biology Study Guide. Chap. 7&8. © Lg 08/28/05
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| light microscope | an optical instrument with lenses that bend visible light to magnify images of specimens.
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| resolving power | a measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance that 2 points can be separated and still be distinguished as 2 separate points.
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| transmission electron microscope (TEM)- | a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal structure of cells.
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| scanning electron microscope (SEM)- | A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography
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| cell | The simplest collection of matter that can live. An organism’s basic units of structure and function.
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| organelle | one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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| prokaryote | Type of cell without a membrane enclosed nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles, found in Bacteria and Archaea
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| eukaryote | cell with membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles, in protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
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| plasma membrane | Membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, therefore regulating the cell’s chemical composition.
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| chromatin | Complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of long thin fibers not visible with a light microscope
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| chromosome | Thread like gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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| nucleus | chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell.
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| nucleolus | a knot of chromatin that produces ribosomes
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| ribosome | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleoluss and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules which make up 2 subunits
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | -The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum- | Portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
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| cytosol | Semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
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| Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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| glycoprotein- | A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate
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| transport vesicle | A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
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| lysosome | a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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| vacuole | A membrane enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth and development
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| mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
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| matrix | The nonliving component of connective tissue, consisting of a web of fibers embedded in homogeneous ground substance that may be liquid, jelly-like or solid.
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| cristae | The infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
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| chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
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| plastid | One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.
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| thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
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| grana | Stacked portions of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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| stroma | The fluid of the the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
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| cytoskeleton | A network of tubules, microfilaments, and intermidiate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions
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| microtubule | A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
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| microfilament | A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
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| cilia | Short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
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| flagella | Long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion. The flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in both structure and function.
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| 9+2 | 9 microtubules outside, 2 microtubules inside eukaryotic flagellum or cilium.
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| pseudopod | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding
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| cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas
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| cell wall + | the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.
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| fluid mosaic model | the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the mebrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
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| selective permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
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| passive transport | the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
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| active transport | The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with
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| active transport + | the help of energy imput and specific transport proteins.
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| diffusion | The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.
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| hypertonic | In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.
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| hypotonic | In comparing two solutions, the one with a lower solute concentration.
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| isotonic | Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
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| osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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| osmoregulation | the control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic or terrestrial environments.
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| endocytosis | the cellular uptake of micromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle.
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| exocytosis | The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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| phagocytosis | A type of endosytosis involving large, particulate substances.
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