Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
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| Homeostasis | the tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while continually changing; a mechanism in which deviations from normal are sensed and counteracted
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| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid. It accounts for approx 2/3 of the total body fluid.
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| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid found outside the body cells, accounts for about 1/3 of the total body fluid
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| Intravascular fluid | plasma, accounts for about 20% of the ECF
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| Plasma | the fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended
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| Interstitial fluid | fluid that surrounds the cells, includes lymph, accounts for about 75% of the ECF
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| Transcellular fluid | compartment of extracellular fluids, which include cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids
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| Ions | atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge; electrolytes
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| Electrolytes | chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions
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| Cations | ions that carry a positive charge and include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++), and magnesium (Mg++)
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| Anions | ions carrying a negative charge and include chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate
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| Milliequivalent | one-thousandth of an equivalent, which is the chemical combining power of a substance
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| Selectively permeable | cell membranes that allow substances move across them with varying degrees of ease
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| Osmosis | passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration
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| Solutes | substances dissolved in a liquid
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| Crystalloids | salts that dissolve readily into true solutions
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| Colloids | substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions
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| Solvent | the liquid in which a solute is dissolved
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| Osmolality | the concentration of solutes in body fluids
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| Isotonic | solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids
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| Hypertonic | solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids
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| Hypotonic | solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids
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| Osmotic pressure | pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusable particles in a solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane
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| Colloid osmotic pressure or Oncotic pressure | a pulling force exerted by colloids that help maintain the water content of blood
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| Diffusion | the mixing of molecules or ions of two or more substances as a result of random motion
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| Filtration | passage through a material that restricts or prevents passage of certain molecules
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| Filtration pressure | the pressure in the compartment that results in the movement of fluid and substances dissolved in fluid out of the compartment
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| Hydrostatic pressure | the pressure a liquid exerts on the sides of the container that holds it; also called filtration force
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| Active transport | movement of substances across cell membranes against the concentration gradient
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| Insensible fluid loss | fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual
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| Obligatory losses | essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning
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| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | system initiated by specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney nephrons that respond to changes in renal perfusion
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| Acid | a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
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| Bases | (alkalis) have low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution
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| Buffers | prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions
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| Acidosis | a condition that occurs with increases in blood carbonic acid or with decreases in blood bicarbonate; blood pH below 7.35
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| Alkalosis | a condition that occurs with increases in blood bicarbonate or decreases in blood carbonic acid; blood pH above 7.45
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| Fluid volume deficit (FVD) | (hypovolemia) loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the ECF
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| Fluid volume excess (FVE) | (hypervolemia) retention of both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF
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| Third space syndrome | fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not readily accessible as extracellular fluid
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| Hyponatremia | deficiency of sodium in the blood plasma
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| Hypernatremia | an excess of sodium in the blood plasma
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| Hypokalemia | deficiency of potassium in the blood plasma
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| Hyperkalemia | an excess of potassium in the blood plasma
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| Hypocalcemia | deficiency of calcium in the blood plasma
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| Hypercalcemia | an excess of calcium in the blood plasma
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| Hypomagnesemia | deficiency of magnesium in the blood plasma
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| Hypermagnesemia | an excess of magnesium in the blood plasma
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| Hypochloremia | deficiency of chloride in the blood plasma
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| Hyperchloremia | an excess of chloride in the blood plasma
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| Hypophosphatemia | deficiency in phosphate in the blood plasma
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| Hyperphosphatemia | an excess of phosphate in the blood plasma
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| Compensation | defense mechanism in which a person substitutes an activity for one that they would prefer doing or cannot do
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| Respiratory acidosis | (hypercapnia) a state of excess carbon dioxide in the body
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| Respiratory alkalosis | a state of excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body
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| Metabolic acidosis | a condition characterized by a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body, in which the pH falls to less than 7.35
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| Metabolic alkalosis | a condition characterized by an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45
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| Specific gravity | the weight or degree of concentration of a substance compared with that of an equal volume of another, such as distilled water, taken as a standard
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| Hematocrit | the proportion of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to the total blood volume
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| Arterial blood gas | test performed to evaluate the client's acid-base balance and oxygenation
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