Art Final Exam
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| What is an example of an art subject matter? | Landscapes, cityscapes, the figure, the portrait, still life
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| What is an art medium/media? | Drawing, painting, collage, printmaking, sculpture, fibers
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| Line | A path traced by a moving point
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| Shape | General outline of an object, 2-D, can be geometric or organic
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| Form | 3-D equivalent of shape, can be geometric or organic
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| Texture | Roughness/smoothness of a surface, can be real or implied
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| Space | Can be flat or show the illusion of depth or perspective, linear/atmospheric perspective
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| Color | Hue, effect of the reflection of light on the back of the eye
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| Complementary Colors | Opposite on the color wheel
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| Value | Lightness/darkness of pencil tones/colors
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| Balance | Distribution of visual weight in a work of art, symmetrical/asymmetrical
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| Unity | Combines the principles of design and the physical aspects of a painting to create a single, harmonious artwork
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| Emphasis, focal point, center of interest | The first thing your eye sees in a work of art
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| Contrast | Differences in a work of art using art elements
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| Pattern | Repetition of art elements
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| Rhythm | Art elements are repeated to create movement in an artwork
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| Movement | Directs the viewer's eyes to the center of interest, shows action
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| Characteristics of Hindu art | Many gods are represented, Hinduism has dominated the art of India for 2500+ years
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| Characteristics of Buddhist art | Emerged in 6th century B. C., inspired by the religion, influence of Buddhist art can be found in Japan, Buddha is represented in sculptures
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| Characteristics of Islamic art | Human figure is rare - used in tales, Asia is dominated by Islam - has influenced Asian art
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| Taj Mahal | Agra, India, example of Islamic inspired architecture
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| Trompe I'oeil | A painting that's so realistic that the viewer may think it's real, French for "fool the eye"
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| Non-western art | Art from any culture that's not related to people of North America/Western Europe
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| Characteristics of Japanese art | Simplicity of form/design, attentiveness to beauty of nature and subtlety
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| Borobudor | Buddhist temple with 10 levels, "cosmic mountain", one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world
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| Australian aboriginal x-ray art | Depicts the inside and outside of the animal/figure in one image
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| Batik | Coloring/dying process using wax stencil to protect design areas from colorization by dyeing of cloth/paper
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| 3 Characteristics of Islamic architecture | Towers for call to prayer, courtyard, dome
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| Alhambra | Spain, palace
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| Blue Mosque | Istanbul, Turkey, working mosque
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| Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey, originally a church, converted to a mosque, today it's a museum/being restored
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| Mosaic | Consists of pieces of colored marble/glass embedded in a layer of adhesive material
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| Fresco | Method of painting, pigments are suspended in water and are applied to a thin layer of wet plaster so that it absorbs the color and the painting becomes part of the wall
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| Fetish Figure | An object to which magical powers are ascribed, good luck charm
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| Oni of Ife | King of Ife bronze sculpture
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| Machu Picchu | "Lost city of the Incas", Peru
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| Serpent Mound | Ohio, created by Native Americans, snake holding oval object in mouth
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| Cliff Dwellings of Mesa Verde | Built by Anasazi, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, native American apartment houses
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| Maria Martinez | Native American potter from New Mexico, known for black polished pottery
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| Caves at Lascaux | 15,000 B. C., France, paintings of animals, closed to public in 1963
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| Venus of Willendorf | 25,000 B. C., female fertility sculpture, Austria, made of limestone
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| Stonehenge | 2,000 B. C., ritual site, Salisbury Plain, England, constructed for solstices/equinoxes, times for planting/harvesting/religious ceremonies, cromlech/lintels
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| Ziggurat at Ur | Sumerian temple, Iraq
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| Great Pyramids | Largest was built for Cheops, stones were cut so accurately that it's hard to find a place where a knife can be forced between two surfaces, guarded by the Great Sphinx
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| Imhotep | First known artist name in history, architect for Step Pyramid of King Zoser
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| Palace at Knossos, Palace of Minos | Crete, contains many rooms, running water, sewage system, theater, storerooms, terraces, and elaborately decorated quarters for rulers
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| Kouros | Naked male sculpture in Greek art, archaic smile
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| Peplos Kore | Clothed female sculpture in Greek art, archaic smile
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| Nike of Samothrae | Greek sculpture representing "winged victory"
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| Amphora | Greek vase used as storage jar
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| Colosseum | Ancient Roman stadium
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| Parthenon | Greek, acropolis in Athens, built for Athena
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| Pantheon | Rome, built for gods, large dome
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| Mosaics of San Vitale | Ravenna, Italy, tesserae pressed into wet plaster, Emperor Justinian/Empress Theodora with attendants, Christianity is appearing in art
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| St. Mark's church in Venice | Largest and most lavishly decorated church of its time
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| Cathedral of St. Basil, Moscow | Onion-shaped domes surrounding a central tent-like structure
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| Medieval Art, Middle Ages | Spanned over 1,000 years (500-1,500 A. D.)
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| Manuscript Illumination | Monks illustrated pages of scripture with animals, designs, and infinite detail
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| Lindisfarne Gospel | Illustrated in Christianized Great Britain, volume of many vellum pages
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| Romanesque Architecture | A style of architecture popular in the 11th and 12th centuries which uses rounded arches in windows/doorways
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| Bayeux Tapestry | Embroidery depicting Normans defeating English in 1066 A. D.
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| Renaissance | "Rebirth", intense artistic activity throughout Europe, fueled by renewed interest in ancient Romans/Greeks, science, and math
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| Medici | Powerful family in Florence, great patrons of arts during Renaissance
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| Cathedral of Florence | Brunelleschi, architectural/engineering wonder, two shells - linked with supports
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| Ghiberti | Sculpted the doors of the baptistery of Florence, won against Brunelleschi, took 20 years to finish, bronze covered in gold, panels that illustrate New Testament
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| Donatello | Florentine sculptor who used the contraposto (body in S-curve) of the Greeks to suggest action
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| David (Donatello) | Unique, first life-size, freestanding nude statue since ancient times, represents David's victory over Goliath
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| Tribute Money | Fresco, Peter paying tax collector, early example of linear/atmospheric perspective techniques
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| Fresco | Painting on wet plaster
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| Linear Perspective | Drawing/painting to give the illusion of depth on flat surface, lines receding into distance are drawn to imaginary vanishing points on horizon
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| Atmospheric/aerial Perspective | Creating the illusion of distance by representing objects further away with less detail/colors
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| Fra Angelico | Florentine master of landscape painting, Adoration of the Magi (tondo)
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| Tondo | Painting round in shape
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| Birth of Venus | Botticelli, scene based on traditional mythology, Venus rises from sea and emerges from shell
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| Dead Christ | Mantegna, extreme foreshortening
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| Foreshortening | A method of drawing/painting an object/person that's not parallel to the picture plane so that it seems to recede in space, giving illusion to 3-D, parts get smaller as they recede in space
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| Ghent Altarpiece | Started by Eyck - finished by Jan (brother), triptych, Belgium, tells story of Adoration of the Lamb, oil paint, symbolism, prophets/kings of old testament are on left, apostles/saints on right, Adam/Eve on top side panel
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| Arnolfini Wedding | Eyck, symbolism, signed
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| Portrait of a Lady | Weyden, oil on panel, shows realistic fabric
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| Descent from the Cross | Oil on panel, s-curve in Mary's and Christ's body
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| What were the two popular art forms in the Baroque period? | Tapestry and embroidery (fiber arts)
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| Bosch | Dutch painter, painted weird images/puzzling symbols
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| Garden of Delights | Bosch, triptych, left panel: Garden of Eden with Adam and Eve, right panel: Garden of Satan, center panel: paradise
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| Tower of Babel | Bruegel, story of Mesopotamia from Old Testament, reminiscent of the Roman Colosseum
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| Return of the Hunters | One of a series depicting the seasons of the year, painted peasants in daily activities/special festivals
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| Durer | Talented in woodcut/copper engraving, leader of the German High Renaissance, first artist outside Italy to become internationally acclaimed, first Northern artist to document himself in self-portraits, Knight, Death, and the Devil
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| Durer's self portrait | Hair is treated as individual lines
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| Holbein | One of the finest portrait painters of all time, court painter to Henry VIII, realistic painter
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| Sir Thomas More | Holbein, no one has painted velvet/fur more convincingly than him
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| The French Ambassadors | Holbein's greatest achievement, French Ambassador to England and friend on left, symbolism, skull appears at certain angle
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| Baroque Art | 1600 A. D., Rome was center of art world, church remained all-powerful/patronized the arts over Italy, ornate, decorative, dynamic, extravagant and theatrical
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| Bernini | One of the most influential Baroque artists
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| Ecstasy of Saint Theresa | Captures Baroque spirit, event involving St. Theresa
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| David (Bernini) | Marble, dramatic/energetic, in action
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| Caravaggio/Merisi | First giant of Baroque, rebel, painter, placing religious figures in common early settings, churches refused to commission his work
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| The Supper at Emmaus | Typical of Merisi's style, value contrasts, lit by single source of light, Easter Sunday evening - Christ appeared
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| Gentileschi | Female artist, moved from Florence to Rome
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| Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes | Centers around Judith surrendering to enemy, she cut off Holofernes' head causing army to retreat, single light source - deep shadows/lights
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| de la Tour | French Baroque artist
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| Magdalen with the Smoking Flame | Life of contemplation, oil on canvas, discovered and identified in 1972
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| Versailles | Louis XIV built Versailles, first a symbol of the glory of the king, later a symbol of the excesses of the monarchy and helped bring the French Revolution, in today's money - it would've cost $10 billion
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| Leyster | Holland Baroque artist, best-known female painter of 17th century, painter of everyday life
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| Self-portrait by Leyster | Painting a violinist and both figures are cheerful
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| Lion Hunt | Rubens, lions were rare/exotic in his time, used lions in private zoos for models, combined drawings from many subjects to put this together
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| Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart | Hals, friend at local tavern
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| Hals | Enjoyed painting common people, successful portrait painter, died penniless in a poorhouse
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| Vermeer | Thought to have used a camera obscura, Allegory of the Art of Painting, Girl with the Pearl Earring
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| Allegory of the Art of Painting | Symbolism: model represents Clio, map of Holland represented it's the center of world art
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| Van Rijn | Greatest of Dutch painters and one of the great geniuses of the art world, downhill when wife died, left paintings/etchings/drawings, painted many self/group portraits
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| Velazquez | One of Spain's great artists of the Baroque period, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)
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| Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) | Velaquez, stands in front of canvas, princess with two ladies in waiting/dwarves/dog
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| Gainsborough | One of England's finest portrait painters, landscapes, The Morning Walk
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| Copley | American artist, lacked formal training
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| Paul Revere (painting) | Shows the famous silversmith and patriot in a moment of concentration
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| Johnson | First African American artist to gain prominence as an artist in America, self-taught, portrait painter of wealthy members of slave-holding families
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| Portrait of a Man | Johnson, flat quality that was typical of the work of limners
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| Jacques-Louis David | Painted under Louis XVI, embraced the Neoclassical style which arises from renewed interest in Classical ideas/design, Death of Marat
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| Napoleon in His Study | David, pose that became a model for official portraits in Western art and his trademark: hand-in-his-vest
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| Neoclassical architecture | Replaced the overworked surfaces of Baroque and Rococo palaces and churches with classic simplicity and balance (ex: U. S. Capitol)
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| Romanticism | A rebellion from Classic restrictions of form and proportion in the Neoclassical style, artists expressed feelings/emotions
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| Goya | Spanish artist, deaf, isolated man, genius of Romantic painting/printmaking
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| Third of May, 1808 | Goya, slaughtering of Spanish rebels by French soldiers, social protest painting showing man's inhumanity to man
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| Raft of the "Medusa" | Gericault, paintings of shipwreck survivors
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| Liberty Leading the People | Inspired by the 1830 insurrection in Paris, liberty holds the tri-colored French flag, lead revolutionaries over the street barricades
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| Constable | One of the first painters to paint outdoors, loved English landscape, first to paint water with clarity/depth of shadow, The Hay Wain
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| Turner | Early works were in watercolor - anticipated Impressionist movement, Snow Storm: Steam-board off a Harbor's Mouth
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| Cole | Leader of a group of painters in NY, rustic beauty and ideal settings were the essence of America, View on the Catskill, Early Autumn
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| Realism | Artists of realism believed that only what they could see/experience themselves was worthy subject matter, subjects had to be treated in as natural and realistic a way as possible
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| Bonheur | French, realist painter, animals for subjects - studied carefully, first women to receive the cross of the French Legion of Honor, Sheep by the Sea
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| Homer | American, self-taught, started with wood engravings as illustrations, Breezing Up
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| Eakins | One of America's finest painters, insisted that all students draw from nude models and was forced to resign as a teacher
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| The Gross Clinic | Eakins, painted for the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, painting of a surgeon in front of an audience
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| Impressionism | Style of painting that started in France in 1850, glimpse of the subject, emphasis on momentary effects of light on color
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| Post-Impressionism | The style of late 19th century French art that followed Impressionism
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| Claude Monet | Leading force in Impressionist movement bridging the span from the Realist world to the world of abstraction
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| Edgar Degas | Drew, sculpted and painted ballerinas, The Rehearsal on The Stage
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| Renoir | Painted portraits, still lives, landscapes, and figures creatively
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| Cassatt | American artist who drew/painted mother and child portraits
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| Whistler | American artist, grays/blacks, realistic portraits, Whistler's Mother
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| Rodin | French artist, Impressionist sculptures (ex: the Thinker)
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| George Seurat | French post-impressionist artist, pointillism, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
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| Cezanne | Leading painter of late 19th century France, landscapes and still-life paintings
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| Van Gogh | Began painting at 27, sold one painting while alive, suicide at 37
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| Gauguin | Van Gogh's friend, simple life in Tahiti
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| Munch | Tragic events affected art
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| Picasso | Early work was Blue Period - blue palette, cubism
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| Cubism | Style where subject is broken apart and reassembled in abstract form - geometric shapes
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| Rivera | Mexican muralist who married Kahlo
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| Matisse | Fauve ("wild beast") because of a wild use of color, experimented with collage later in life
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| Kandinsky | Created first completely nonobjective painting (1910)
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| Kahlo | Mexican artist, married to Rivera, self-portraits
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| Duchamp | Controversial artwork, Nude Descending a Staircase - "an explosion in a shingle factory"
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| Mondrian | Vertical/horizontal vertical lines, primary colors
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| da Vinci | Renaissance Man, left lots of notes in mirror images
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| The Last Supper | da Vinci, started peeling, in restoration
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| Mona Lisa | da Vinci, most famous portrait, hills obscured by sfumato, chiaroscuro (contrast between light and dark)
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| Pieta | Rome, Mary holds Christ, overall appearance/visual effect
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| David (Michelangelo) | Marble, muscular, sling shot
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| Dome of St. Peter's | Michelangelo, largest dome in the world
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| Sistine Chapel | Michelangelo, Old Testament, cleaned after 400 years
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| School of Athens | Fresco, Greek masters
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| Titian | Artistic giant from Venice
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| Kahlo | Mexican muralist, self-portraits, third eye
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| Cubism | Picasso (Spanish), surface design, geometric shapes
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| d' Avignon | Picasso, African masks, began Cubist movement, not cubist painting
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| Guernica | Picasso, symbolism, pain/chaos/agony, black/white/gray
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| Nude Descending the Staircase | Duchamp, controversial, motion
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| Diagonal Composition | Mondrian, nonobjective, stand on one corner
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| Bird in Space | Brancusi, bronze, sculpture of flight
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| Man Pointing | Bronze, elongated forms
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| Dali | Most famous Surrealist, subject matter in illogical situations
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| Persistence of Memory | Limp watches, large ants, partial face on a plane of depth
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| I and the Village | Chagall, cow dreaming, dreamlike
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| Twittering Machine | Happy, imagination
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| Miro | Spanish, black lines, shapes of primary color/black/white, abstract people
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| Time Transfixed | Magritte, surrealism
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| Object | Oppenheim, surrealist, objects with fur
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| Steerage | Stieglitz (married to O'Keeffe), sailing to Europe, separation
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| Lange | American great depression photographer, migrant workers
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| Adams | Emotional response in nature
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| O' Keeffe | Abstraction, paintings of nature
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| Calder | Abstract forms in space, "black widow", mobiles
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| Benton | Leader of Regionalists, Midwest, nature
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| Wood | American Gothic
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| Hopper | Nighthawks - loneliness in cities
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| Remington | Western, Outlaw - horse, cowboy, and movement
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| Lawrence | Harlem Renaissance, One of the Largest Race Riots in East St. Louis - oppression of African Americans
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| Wright | Architect, buildings grew out of their environments
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| Kaufmann House | Wright, Falling Water, terraces stretch over waterfalls
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| Gehry | Designed buildings to capture essence of their purpose
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| Pollock | Drip paintings, Abstract Expressionism, Lavender Mist
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| Rothko | Abstractionist, soft edges, blending colors, Blue, Orange, Red
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| Kline | Abstractionist, "Meryon", less color
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| Oldenburg | Sculptures, paintings, surrealist, pop artist, "Shoestring Potatoes Spilling from a Bag"
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| Lichtenstein | Pop artist, "Masterpiece" looks like it's from a comic
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| Warhol | Pop artist, repetitions, Campbell's can, "100 Cans"
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| Frankenthaler | "Color Field Painting", "The Bay", questions whether a work is done
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| Close | New Realist, human figure, translate photographic info to paint information, "Mark (Unfinished)"
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| Wyeth | American scene, "Christina's World"
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| Hanson | Life-size, colored models of people, New Realism
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| Moore | Abstract sculptures based on human form, "Sheep Piece" - bronze sheep
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| Nevelson | Wood sculptures, unified pieces by painting everything black
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| Claude | Husband/wife, take something familiar and wrap it
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