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Art Final Exam

Question	Answer
What is an example of an art subject matter?	Landscapes, cityscapes, the figure, the portrait, still life
What is an art medium/media?	Drawing, painting, collage, printmaking, sculpture, fibers
Line	A path traced by a moving point
Shape	General outline of an object, 2-D, can be geometric or organic
Form	3-D equivalent of shape, can be geometric or organic
Texture	Roughness/smoothness of a surface, can be real or implied
Space	Can be flat or show the illusion of depth or perspective, linear/atmospheric perspective
Color	Hue, effect of the reflection of light on the back of the eye
Complementary Colors	Opposite on the color wheel
Value	Lightness/darkness of pencil tones/colors
Balance	Distribution of visual weight in a work of art, symmetrical/asymmetrical
Unity	Combines the principles of design and the physical aspects of a painting to create a single, harmonious artwork
Emphasis, focal point, center of interest	The first thing your eye sees in a work of art
Contrast	Differences in a work of art using art elements
Pattern	Repetition of art elements
Rhythm	Art elements are repeated to create movement in an artwork
Movement	Directs the viewer's eyes to the center of interest, shows action
Characteristics of Hindu art	Many gods are represented, Hinduism has dominated the art of India for 2500+ years
Characteristics of Buddhist art	Emerged in 6th century B. C., inspired by the religion, influence of Buddhist art can be found in Japan, Buddha is represented in sculptures
Characteristics of Islamic art	Human figure is rare - used in tales, Asia is dominated by Islam - has influenced Asian art
Taj Mahal	Agra, India, example of Islamic inspired architecture
Trompe I'oeil	A painting that's so realistic that the viewer may think it's real, French for "fool the eye"
Non-western art	Art from any culture that's not related to people of North America/Western Europe
Characteristics of Japanese art	Simplicity of form/design, attentiveness to beauty of nature and subtlety
Borobudor	Buddhist temple with 10 levels, "cosmic mountain", one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world
Australian aboriginal x-ray art	Depicts the inside and outside of the animal/figure in one image
Batik	Coloring/dying process using wax stencil to protect design areas from colorization by dyeing of cloth/paper
3 Characteristics of Islamic architecture	Towers for call to prayer, courtyard, dome
Alhambra	Spain, palace
Blue Mosque	Istanbul, Turkey, working mosque
Hagia Sophia	Istanbul, Turkey, originally a church, converted to a mosque, today it's a museum/being restored
Mosaic	Consists of pieces of colored marble/glass embedded in a layer of adhesive material
Fresco	Method of painting, pigments are suspended in water and are applied to a thin layer of wet plaster so that it absorbs the color and the painting becomes part of the wall
Fetish Figure	An object to which magical powers are ascribed, good luck charm
Oni of Ife	King of Ife bronze sculpture
Machu Picchu	"Lost city of the Incas", Peru
Serpent Mound	Ohio, created by Native Americans, snake holding oval object in mouth
Cliff Dwellings of Mesa Verde	Built by Anasazi, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, native American apartment houses
Maria Martinez	Native American potter from New Mexico, known for black polished pottery
Caves at Lascaux	15,000 B. C., France, paintings of animals, closed to public in 1963
Venus of Willendorf	25,000 B. C., female fertility sculpture, Austria, made of limestone
Stonehenge	2,000 B. C., ritual site, Salisbury Plain, England, constructed for solstices/equinoxes, times for planting/harvesting/religious ceremonies, cromlech/lintels
Ziggurat at Ur	Sumerian temple, Iraq
Great Pyramids	Largest was built for Cheops, stones were cut so accurately that it's hard to find a place where a knife can be forced between two surfaces, guarded by the Great Sphinx
Imhotep	First known artist name in history, architect for Step Pyramid of King Zoser
Palace at Knossos, Palace of Minos	Crete, contains many rooms, running water, sewage system, theater, storerooms, terraces, and elaborately decorated quarters for rulers
Kouros	Naked male sculpture in Greek art, archaic smile
Peplos Kore	Clothed female sculpture in Greek art, archaic smile
Nike of Samothrae	Greek sculpture representing "winged victory"
Amphora	Greek vase used as storage jar
Colosseum	Ancient Roman stadium
Parthenon	Greek, acropolis in Athens, built for Athena
Pantheon	Rome, built for gods, large dome
Mosaics of San Vitale	Ravenna, Italy, tesserae pressed into wet plaster, Emperor Justinian/Empress Theodora with attendants, Christianity is appearing in art
St. Mark's church in Venice	Largest and most lavishly decorated church of its time
Cathedral of St. Basil, Moscow	Onion-shaped domes surrounding a central tent-like structure
Medieval Art, Middle Ages	Spanned over 1,000 years (500-1,500 A. D.)
Manuscript Illumination	Monks illustrated pages of scripture with animals, designs, and infinite detail
Lindisfarne Gospel	Illustrated in Christianized Great Britain, volume of many vellum pages
Romanesque Architecture	A style of architecture popular in the 11th and 12th centuries which uses rounded arches in windows/doorways
Bayeux Tapestry	Embroidery depicting Normans defeating English in 1066 A. D.
Renaissance	"Rebirth", intense artistic activity throughout Europe, fueled by renewed interest in ancient Romans/Greeks, science, and math
Medici	Powerful family in Florence, great patrons of arts during Renaissance
Cathedral of Florence	Brunelleschi, architectural/engineering wonder, two shells - linked with supports
Ghiberti	Sculpted the doors of the baptistery of Florence, won against Brunelleschi, took 20 years to finish, bronze covered in gold, panels that illustrate New Testament
Donatello	Florentine sculptor who used the contraposto (body in S-curve) of the Greeks to suggest action
David (Donatello)	Unique, first life-size, freestanding nude statue since ancient times, represents David's victory over Goliath
Tribute Money	Fresco, Peter paying tax collector, early example of linear/atmospheric perspective techniques
Fresco	Painting on wet plaster
Linear Perspective	Drawing/painting to give the illusion of depth on flat surface, lines receding into distance are drawn to imaginary vanishing points on horizon
Atmospheric/aerial Perspective	Creating the illusion of distance by representing objects further away with less detail/colors
Fra Angelico	Florentine master of landscape painting, Adoration of the Magi (tondo)
Tondo	Painting round in shape
Birth of Venus	Botticelli, scene based on traditional mythology, Venus rises from sea and emerges from shell
Dead Christ	Mantegna, extreme foreshortening
Foreshortening	A method of drawing/painting an object/person that's not parallel to the picture plane so that it seems to recede in space, giving illusion to 3-D, parts get smaller as they recede in space
Ghent Altarpiece	Started by Eyck - finished by Jan (brother), triptych, Belgium, tells story of Adoration of the Lamb, oil paint, symbolism, prophets/kings of old testament are on left, apostles/saints on right, Adam/Eve on top side panel
Arnolfini Wedding	Eyck, symbolism, signed
Portrait of a Lady	Weyden, oil on panel, shows realistic fabric
Descent from the Cross	Oil on panel, s-curve in Mary's and Christ's body
What were the two popular art forms in the Baroque period?	Tapestry and embroidery (fiber arts)
Bosch	Dutch painter, painted weird images/puzzling symbols
Garden of Delights	Bosch, triptych, left panel: Garden of Eden with Adam and Eve, right panel: Garden of Satan, center panel: paradise
Tower of Babel	Bruegel, story of Mesopotamia from Old Testament, reminiscent of the Roman Colosseum
Return of the Hunters	One of a series depicting the seasons of the year, painted peasants in daily activities/special festivals
Durer	Talented in woodcut/copper engraving, leader of the German High Renaissance, first artist outside Italy to become internationally acclaimed, first Northern artist to document himself in self-portraits, Knight, Death, and the Devil
Durer's self portrait	Hair is treated as individual lines
Holbein	One of the finest portrait painters of all time, court painter to Henry VIII, realistic painter
Sir Thomas More	Holbein, no one has painted velvet/fur more convincingly than him
The French Ambassadors	Holbein's greatest achievement, French Ambassador to England and friend on left, symbolism, skull appears at certain angle
Baroque Art	1600 A. D., Rome was center of art world, church remained all-powerful/patronized the arts over Italy, ornate, decorative, dynamic, extravagant and theatrical
Bernini	One of the most influential Baroque artists
Ecstasy of Saint Theresa	Captures Baroque spirit, event involving St. Theresa
David (Bernini)	Marble, dramatic/energetic, in action
Caravaggio/Merisi	First giant of Baroque, rebel, painter, placing religious figures in common early settings, churches refused to commission his work
The Supper at Emmaus	Typical of Merisi's style, value contrasts, lit by single source of light, Easter Sunday evening - Christ appeared
Gentileschi	Female artist, moved from Florence to Rome
Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes	Centers around Judith surrendering to enemy, she cut off Holofernes' head causing army to retreat, single light source - deep shadows/lights
de la Tour	French Baroque artist
Magdalen with the Smoking Flame	Life of contemplation, oil on canvas, discovered and identified in 1972
Versailles	Louis XIV built Versailles, first a symbol of the glory of the king, later a symbol of the excesses of the monarchy and helped bring the French Revolution, in today's money - it would've cost $10 billion
Leyster	Holland Baroque artist, best-known female painter of 17th century, painter of everyday life
Self-portrait by Leyster	Painting a violinist and both figures are cheerful
Lion Hunt	Rubens, lions were rare/exotic in his time, used lions in private zoos for models, combined drawings from many subjects to put this together
Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart	Hals, friend at local tavern
Hals	Enjoyed painting common people, successful portrait painter, died penniless in a poorhouse
Vermeer	Thought to have used a camera obscura, Allegory of the Art of Painting, Girl with the Pearl Earring
Allegory of the Art of Painting	Symbolism: model represents Clio, map of Holland represented it's the center of world art
Van Rijn	Greatest of Dutch painters and one of the great geniuses of the art world, downhill when wife died, left paintings/etchings/drawings, painted many self/group portraits
Velazquez	One of Spain's great artists of the Baroque period, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)
Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)	Velaquez, stands in front of canvas, princess with two ladies in waiting/dwarves/dog
Gainsborough	One of England's finest portrait painters, landscapes, The Morning Walk
Copley	American artist, lacked formal training
Paul Revere (painting)	Shows the famous silversmith and patriot in a moment of concentration
Johnson	First African American artist to gain prominence as an artist in America, self-taught, portrait painter of wealthy members of slave-holding families
Portrait of a Man	Johnson, flat quality that was typical of the work of limners
Jacques-Louis David	Painted under Louis XVI, embraced the Neoclassical style which arises from renewed interest in Classical ideas/design, Death of Marat
Napoleon in His Study	David, pose that became a model for official portraits in Western art and his trademark: hand-in-his-vest
Neoclassical architecture	Replaced the overworked surfaces of Baroque and Rococo palaces and churches with classic simplicity and balance (ex: U. S. Capitol)
Romanticism	A rebellion from Classic restrictions of form and proportion in the Neoclassical style, artists expressed feelings/emotions
Goya	Spanish artist, deaf, isolated man, genius of Romantic painting/printmaking
Third of May, 1808	Goya, slaughtering of Spanish rebels by French soldiers, social protest painting showing man's inhumanity to man
Raft of the "Medusa"	Gericault, paintings of shipwreck survivors
Liberty Leading the People	Inspired by the 1830 insurrection in Paris, liberty holds the tri-colored French flag, lead revolutionaries over the street barricades
Constable	One of the first painters to paint outdoors, loved English landscape, first to paint water with clarity/depth of shadow, The Hay Wain
Turner	Early works were in watercolor - anticipated Impressionist movement, Snow Storm: Steam-board off a Harbor's Mouth
Cole	Leader of a group of painters in NY, rustic beauty and ideal settings were the essence of America, View on the Catskill, Early Autumn
Realism	Artists of realism believed that only what they could see/experience themselves was worthy subject matter, subjects had to be treated in as natural and realistic a way as possible
Bonheur	French, realist painter, animals for subjects - studied carefully, first women to receive the cross of the French Legion of Honor, Sheep by the Sea
Homer	American, self-taught, started with wood engravings as illustrations, Breezing Up
Eakins	One of America's finest painters, insisted that all students draw from nude models and was forced to resign as a teacher
The Gross Clinic	Eakins, painted for the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, painting of a surgeon in front of an audience
Impressionism	Style of painting that started in France in 1850, glimpse of the subject, emphasis on momentary effects of light on color
Post-Impressionism	The style of late 19th century French art that followed Impressionism
Claude Monet	Leading force in Impressionist movement bridging the span from the Realist world to the world of abstraction
Edgar Degas	Drew, sculpted and painted ballerinas, The Rehearsal on The Stage
Renoir	Painted portraits, still lives, landscapes, and figures creatively
Cassatt	American artist who drew/painted mother and child portraits
Whistler	American artist, grays/blacks, realistic portraits, Whistler's Mother
Rodin	French artist, Impressionist sculptures (ex: the Thinker)
George Seurat	French post-impressionist artist, pointillism, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
Cezanne	Leading painter of late 19th century France, landscapes and still-life paintings
Van Gogh	Began painting at 27, sold one painting while alive, suicide at 37
Gauguin	Van Gogh's friend, simple life in Tahiti
Munch	Tragic events affected art
Picasso	Early work was Blue Period - blue palette, cubism
Cubism	Style where subject is broken apart and reassembled in abstract form - geometric shapes
Rivera	Mexican muralist who married Kahlo
Matisse	Fauve ("wild beast") because of a wild use of color, experimented with collage later in life
Kandinsky	Created first completely nonobjective painting (1910)
Kahlo	Mexican artist, married to Rivera, self-portraits
Duchamp	Controversial artwork, Nude Descending a Staircase - "an explosion in a shingle factory"
Mondrian	Vertical/horizontal vertical lines, primary colors
da Vinci	Renaissance Man, left lots of notes in mirror images
The Last Supper	da Vinci, started peeling, in restoration
Mona Lisa	da Vinci, most famous portrait, hills obscured by sfumato, chiaroscuro (contrast between light and dark)
Pieta	Rome, Mary holds Christ, overall appearance/visual effect
David (Michelangelo)	Marble, muscular, sling shot
Dome of St. Peter's	Michelangelo, largest dome in the world
Sistine Chapel	Michelangelo, Old Testament, cleaned after 400 years
School of Athens	Fresco, Greek masters
Titian	Artistic giant from Venice
Kahlo	Mexican muralist, self-portraits, third eye
Cubism	Picasso (Spanish), surface design, geometric shapes
d' Avignon	Picasso, African masks, began Cubist movement, not cubist painting
Guernica	Picasso, symbolism, pain/chaos/agony, black/white/gray
Nude Descending the Staircase	Duchamp, controversial, motion
Diagonal Composition	Mondrian, nonobjective, stand on one corner
Bird in Space	Brancusi, bronze, sculpture of flight
Man Pointing	Bronze, elongated forms
Dali	Most famous Surrealist, subject matter in illogical situations
Persistence of Memory	Limp watches, large ants, partial face on a plane of depth
I and the Village	Chagall, cow dreaming, dreamlike
Twittering Machine	Happy, imagination
Miro	Spanish, black lines, shapes of primary color/black/white, abstract people
Time Transfixed	Magritte, surrealism
Object	Oppenheim, surrealist, objects with fur
Steerage	Stieglitz (married to O'Keeffe), sailing to Europe, separation
Lange	American great depression photographer, migrant workers
Adams	Emotional response in nature
O' Keeffe	Abstraction, paintings of nature
Calder	Abstract forms in space, "black widow", mobiles
Benton	Leader of Regionalists, Midwest, nature
Wood	American Gothic
Hopper	Nighthawks - loneliness in cities
Remington	Western, Outlaw - horse, cowboy, and movement
Lawrence	Harlem Renaissance, One of the Largest Race Riots in East St. Louis - oppression of African Americans
Wright	Architect, buildings grew out of their environments
Kaufmann House	Wright, Falling Water, terraces stretch over waterfalls
Gehry	Designed buildings to capture essence of their purpose
Pollock	Drip paintings, Abstract Expressionism, Lavender Mist
Rothko	Abstractionist, soft edges, blending colors, Blue, Orange, Red
Kline	Abstractionist, "Meryon", less color
Oldenburg	Sculptures, paintings, surrealist, pop artist, "Shoestring Potatoes Spilling from a Bag"
Lichtenstein	Pop artist, "Masterpiece" looks like it's from a comic
Warhol	Pop artist, repetitions, Campbell's can, "100 Cans"
Frankenthaler	"Color Field Painting", "The Bay", questions whether a work is done
Close	New Realist, human figure, translate photographic info to paint information, "Mark (Unfinished)"
Wyeth	American scene, "Christina's World"
Hanson	Life-size, colored models of people, New Realism
Moore	Abstract sculptures based on human form, "Sheep Piece" - bronze sheep
Nevelson	Wood sculptures, unified pieces by painting everything black
Claude	Husband/wife, take something familiar and wrap it

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