Bio 12, Digestive system.
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| Digestive system | show 🗑
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| Mechanical digestion | show 🗑
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| Chemical digestion | show 🗑
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| Roof of the mouth | show 🗑
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| Salivary glands | show 🗑
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| Mumps | show 🗑
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| show | Receives both air and food passes bolus from moth to esophagus
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| show | Passageway from the pharynx to the stomach, muscular tube that is normally collapsed.
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| show | The soft palate closes off the nasopharynx and the epiglottis covers the glottis, forcing the bolus to enter the esophagus
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| show | Rhythmic muscular contractions that push food along the digestive tract
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| Sphincters | show 🗑
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| show | entrance of the esophagus to the stomach, prevents acidic contents of the stomach to rise into the esophagus
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| show | Acid reflux, when acid from the stomach rises up into the esophagus
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| show | Thick walled organ on the left side of the abdominal cavity. Receives food from the esophagus, starts digestion of proteins, moves food to the small intestine
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| Capacity of the stomach | show 🗑
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| show | Deep folds in the stomach's wall that disappear to allow the stomach to expand
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| show | Term referring to the stomach
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| Columnar epithelium | show 🗑
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| Gastric juice | show 🗑
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| show | Becomes the enzyme pepsin when exposed to HCl
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| How long it takes for the stomach to empty | show 🗑
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| Chyme | show 🗑
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| Pyloric sphincter | show 🗑
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| Small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | Receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. Has a slightly basic pH to neutralize acid from the stomach
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| Villi | show 🗑
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| show | Small lymphatic capillary in the villi that absorb lipoprotein droplets
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| Hormone | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulated by eating meat high in protein, produced by the stomach, acts on the stomach via secretion of gastric acid. Allows stomach to break down proteins, stimulates growth of stomach lining
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| show | Stimulated by partially digested protein and fat, produced by the duodenum, acts on the duodenum, small intestine, pancreas, and gall bladder. Pancreas increases output of pancreatic juice, liver increases output of bile, and gall bladder releases bile
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| Secretin | show 🗑
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| show | Cecum, colon, and rectum. Absorbs water, salts, and vitamins. Stores indigestible materials until it can be released as feces
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| show | Small pouch at the beginning of the small intestine, fights infections, contains healthy bacteria
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| Peritonitis | show 🗑
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| Sections of the colon | show 🗑
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| show | Opens at the anus where defecation occurs
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| Defecation reflex | show 🗑
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| Feces | show 🗑
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| show | Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, salivary glands
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| show | Exocrine function, producing pancreatic juice (containing bicarbonate that neutralizes chyme). Endocrine function, creates insulin and glucagon to keep blood glucose at normal limits.
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| Pancreatic islets | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulated by high blood glucose levels, produced by the pancreas, acts on liver cells, muscle cells and adipose tissue. Increases glucose absorption rate, lowers blood glucose level
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| show | Stimulated by lower blood glucose levels, produced by the pancreas, acts on the liver and adipose tissue. Stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose. Raises blood glucose level.
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| show | Stimulated by high blood glucose, amino acid levels, produced by the pancreas, cells in the stomach, small intestine. Acts on digestive tract to reduce absorption of nutrients. Suppresses the release of insulin and glucagen. Inhibits growth hormones
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| show | Largest gland in the body (100,000 lobules), detoxes blood, stores iron and vitamins, makes plasma proteins from amino acids, stores glucose and glycogen, produces urea, excretes bile, regulates blood cholesterol, creates bile salts
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| Average blood glucose level | show 🗑
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| Hepatic portal system | show 🗑
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| Bile | show 🗑
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| show | Muscular sac attached to the surface of the liver. Stores excess bile. Reabsorbs water. Bile leaves the gall bladder by the common bile duct.
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| Digestive enzymes | show 🗑
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| show | starch + H20 -> maltose
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| show | protein + H2O -> peptides
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| Formula for bile salts | show 🗑
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| Formula for lipase | show 🗑
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| show | Peptides + H2O -> amino acids
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| Formula for maltase | show 🗑
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| show | Produced by the pancreas, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is neutral, turns starch to maltose
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| show | Produced by the small intestine, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is basic, turns maltose to glucose
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| Pepsin | show 🗑
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| show | Produced by the pancreas, acts in the small intestine optimum pH is basic, turns proteins to peptides
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| Peptidases | show 🗑
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| show | Produced in the pancreas, acts in the small intestine, optimum pH is basic, turns RNA and DNA to nucleotides
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| Nucleosidasis | show 🗑
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| Lipase | show 🗑
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| show | 37 degrees Celsius
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| show | 1 to 2
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| show | 7.4-7.8
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| Stomach ulcers | show 🗑
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| Diarrhea | show 🗑
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| Crohn's disease | show 🗑
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| show | Dry and hard feces. May be because the person inhibits the defecation reflex. Can lead to development of hemorrhoids. Can be reversed by increasing intake of water and fiber
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| show | Enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of the anus
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| show | Small growths in the epithelial lining. Detected during a colonoscopy. May be cancerous
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| Colon cancer | show 🗑
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| show | Inflammation of pancreas. May be caused by alcohol, gallstones that block the pancreatic duct. In chronic cases, digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas damage pancreas and surrounding tissues. May cause diabetes by inhibiting insulin secretion.
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| show | Almost always fatal because of the essential functions of the pancreas. Pancreas is resistant to disease treatment and allows spread to other organs.
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| Diabetes mellitus | show 🗑
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| Jaundice | show 🗑
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| Hepatitus | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic disease of the liver, often seen in alcoholics as alcohol is a toxin to the liver. Liver is infiltrated with fat and liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. Treatment is liver transplant
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| show | Cholesterol in the bile come out of the solution and form crystals, the crystals grow and form gallstones. Block the common bile duct. If they cannot be removed, gallbladder must be removed. Common for people who have recently lost significant weight
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