Bio Midterm 2
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| Facilitated Diffusion | The passages of a substance through the biological membrane, with the help of a transport protein, down its concentration variant.
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| Simple Diffusion | The passage of a substance through the biological membrane from an area of high concentration, to an area of lower concentration.
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| Active Transport | The process of moving particles against its concentration variant.
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| Primary Active Transport | Uses energy, ATP, to move across the cell membrane.
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| Sodium Potassium Pump | An enzyme, found in all animals, the pumps sodium ions of out the cell, and pumps potassium ions into the cell, against their concentration gradient.
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| Secondary Active Transport | Doesn’t use ATP directly, in its function.
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| Symporter | Moves two solutes in the same direction, at the same time. Brings glucose into the cell, from the high concentration outside the cell, brings along sodium ions, to be pumped out by the sodium potassium pump.
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| Vesicular Transport | The movement of particles, in small membranous sacs, called vesicles. Vesicles move out of, or into the cell.
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| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of particles via the formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
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| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | Receptors on the cell membrane, bind with a specific ligand, pinched off by the plasma membrane. The vesicle is coated with receptors bound the ligand.
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| Phagocytosis | Cellular “eating,” a type of endocytosis, where a cell engulfs particles and digests them within the cytoplasm.
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| Pinocytosis | Cellular “drinking,” type of endocytosis, where the cell takes in fluid, with dissolved solutes through vesicles.
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| Exocytosis | Vesicles bind to plasma membrane, and released out side of the cell.
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| Secretory Vesicles | The release or oozing of vesicles from a cell.
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| G Protein | Guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Ligand binds to specific receptor outside of cell and starts a reaction, causing an internal cellular change.
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| G Protein Step 1 | 1. Ligand binds to receptor protein outside of the cell, activates G protein inside the cell.
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| G Protein step 2 | 2. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
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| G Protein Step 3 | 3. Adenylate cyclase uses ATP, stripping off two phosphate groups, leaving cyclic AMP.
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| G Protein Step 4 | 4. Cyclic AMP actives kinase.
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| G Protein Step 5 | 5. Kinase activates a specific protein, causing intracellular change.
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| Prokaryotic Cells | Bound by a membrane. Have chromosomes and ribosomes. Does not contain a nucleus. No Organelles.
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| Eukaryotic Cells | Nucleus contained inside the cell. Have organelles in its cytoplasm.
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| Cytoskeleton | Contained in the cytoplasm. Maintains shape and protects the cell.
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| Microfilaments | Solid rods of globular proteins, just inside the cell membrane, helps support its shape. Can constrict Muscle cells.
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| Intermediate Filaments | Made up of fibrous proteins, reinforce cell shape and anchor certain organelles. Surrounds nucleus.
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| Microtubules | Straight, hollow tubes, support and shape cell. Can be disassembled in reverse order and used elsewhere in cell. Can help move certain organelles.
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| Centrosome | Microtubule organizing center
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| Centrioles | In the center of the centrosome, composed of nine, triplets of microtubules.
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| Pericentriolar Material | Surrounds the two centrioles inside the centrosome. Contains proteins that cause microtubule nucleation and anchoring.
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| Cilia and Flagella | Locomotor appendages. Cilia-many short appendages propel protists. Flagella are longer and just one or few per cell. Sperm cell is a Flagella.
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| Ribosomes | Cell components that carry out protein synthesis.
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| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | Central component of ribosome. Ribonucleic Acid.
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| Endomembrane System | Contains endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Extended network of flattened sacs and tubules.
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| Smooth ER | Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids.
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| Rough ER | Bound ribosomes attached to the rough ER, and produce proteins that will inserted into the ER membrane and transferred out of the cell with transport vesicles.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Transport vesicles leave ER and arrive at the Golgi Apparatus.
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| Cisternae | Flattened membrane disk that carries enzymes to modify the cargo proteins of the transport vesicle.
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| Cis Face | The side of the Golgi, where the vesicles enter from ER, for processing.
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| Trans Face | The side of the Golgi, where the transport vesicles exit, in the form of smaller detached vesicles.
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| Lysosomes | Digestive enzymes enclosed in membranous sac.
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| Autophagy | Catabolic process, self digesting cell.
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| Autolysis | Destruction of cell.
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| Peroxisomes | Enzymes rid the cell of toxic peroxides.
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| Oxidase | Enzyme turns oxygen into water of hydrogen peroxide.
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| Catalase | Turns hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
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| Proteosomes | The main function of the proteasome is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds. Enzymes that carry out such reactions are called proteases.
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| Nuclear Envelope | Double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope also serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytosol (cytoplasm).
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| Nuclear Pores | Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope.
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| Nucleoli | Non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled within the nucleolus.
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| Chromosomes | Organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells.
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| Cell Junctions | Connection between two cells
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| Gap Junctions | Specialized intercellular connection two cells. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells.
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| Tight Junctions | Closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid. It is a type of junctional complex present only in vertebrates.
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| Law of Conservation of Energy | 1. Energy is never created or destroyed, only changes form. 2. Entropy says that energy disburses spontaneously.
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| Exergonic | More energy released then absorbed during a chemical reaction.
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| Endergonic | More energy absorbed then released during chemical reaction.
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| Catalyst | Speeds up chemical reaction by lowering activation energy.
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| Enzyme | Type of protein, structure determines function, brings together molecules to react with one another.
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| Sucrose | Sucrose + H2O > Glucose and Fructose
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| Coenzyme | Helps substrate bind to enzyme
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| Metabolic Reaction | All chemical reactions, metabolism.
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| Anabolic | Building more complex molecules
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| Catabolic | Breaking down complex molecules, uses energy to start this reaction.
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| ATP + H2O > ADP + P ~Energy |
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| Oxidation | Remove electrons, becomes more positive.
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| Reduction | Adds electrons, more negative.
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| OIL | Oxidation is loss
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| RIG | Reduction is gain.
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| NAD+ > NADH | NAD+ is the oxidized form and NADH is the reduced form
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| FAD > FADH2 | FAD is the oxidized from, and FADH2 is the reduced form.
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| Phosphorylation | Add a phosphate group
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| Dephosphorylation | Take away a phosphate group
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| Substrate level Phosphorylation | Phosphate group directly transferred to ADP, making ATP
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Removal of electrons, causing ATP generation
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| Aerobic Respiration | One molecule of glucose, with chemical reactions, creates 38 ATP
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| Glycolysis | Happens in cytoplasm
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| Glycolysis Step 1 | 1. One glucose molecule is phosphorylated with one ATP
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| Glycolysis Step 2 | 2. Six carbon glucose, now with phosphate. P-O-O-O-O-O-O
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| Glycolysis Step 3 | 3. Phosphorylate the molecule again, becoming P-O-O-O-O-O-O-P
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| Glycolysis Step 4 | 4. Six carbon chain is split and two 3 carbon chains, with added phosphate are left. Leaving G3P.
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| Glycolysis Step 5 | 5. Phosphorylate G3P, adds phosphate from cytoplasm, no energy needed. Transfers electrons to NAD+, making it NADH, G3P is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
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| Glycolysis Step 6 | 6. Remove a phosphate group, and add directly to ADP, making 2 molecules of ATP
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| Glycolysis Step 7 | 7. Chemical rearrangement
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| Glycolysis Step 8 | 8. Releases water
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| Glycolysis Step 9 | 9. Phosphorylating the final phosphate. Add to ADP, creating two ATP.
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| Pyruvate | The three-carbon chain at the end of glycolysis
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| Transitional Phase | Pyruvate is modified.
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| Transitional Phase Step 1 | Decarboxylation, removal of carboxyl group. Now a two carbon molecule called Acetyl Coenzyme A.
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| Transitional Phase Step 2 | Carboxyl releases CO2 and the hydrogen goes to NAD, reducing it to NADH.
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| Electron Transport Chain Step 1 | Electron transport dumps electrons. NADH Donates electrons to FMN, moves to next protein, gives electrons, and is then oxidized.
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| Electron Transport Chain Step 2 | Redox reactions happen all the way down the chain, accepted by oxygen at the end.
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| Electron Transport Chain Step 3 | NADH becomes FMN, FADH2 becomes Coenzyme Q10
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| Electron Transport Chain Step 4 | These reactions pump electrons from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a concentration gradient.
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| Electron Transport Chain Step 5 | ATP synthase, ion channel enzyme, moves down the gradient, phosphorylating ADP, creating ATP.
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| ATP Production 1 | Every NADH created 3 ATP, Ten NADH from glycolysis, creates 30 ATP.
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| ATP Production 2 | Every FADH2 creates 2 ATP, two from synthase, creating 4 ATP.
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| Mitochondria | Membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
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| Mitochondria 1 | sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of the chemical energy.
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| Mitochondria 2 | The inner mitochondrial membrane is compartmentalized into numerous cristae, which expand the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to produce ATP.
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| Mitonchondrian Matrix | The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. It contains about 2/3 of the total protein in a mitochondrion. The matrix is important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane.
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| Krebs Cycle Step 1 | 1. Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb cycle.
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| Krebs Cycle Step 2 | carbon acetyl attaches to four carbon, oxaloacetate, creates six carbon molecule, citrate.
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| Krebs Cycle Step 3 | Decarboxylate the citrate, loses carboxyl group, CO2 released and hydrogen goes to NAD+, making NADH.
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| Krebs Cycle Step 4 | Decarbolxylate again, five carbons now four carbons -> Creates ATP.
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| Krebs Cycle Step 5 | Transfer Electrons to FAD reducing it to FADH2.
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| Krebs Cycle Step 6 | Electron transfer to NAD+ reducing it to NADH, leaves oxaloacetate.
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