AP Human Geography
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| Geography | the spatial study of people, place, space, and environment
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| Human Geography | one of the two major divisions of geography, the spatial analysis of human phenomena, with the resources needed to produce them
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| Globalization | processes heightening social interaction, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country borders
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| Fieldwork | observations researchers make of cultural and physical landscapes observing similarities and differences
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| Patterns | description of the spatial distribution of physical or human phenomena (e.g., scattered or concentrated)
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| Physical geography | the other subdivision of geography; the spatial analysis of physical phenomena, including climate, environmental hazards, weather systems, animals, and topography
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| Spatial distribution | physical locations of geographic phenomena, usually shown on a map
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| Pandemic | an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide (e.g. coronavirus)
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| Epidemic | widespread, rapid diffusion of disease among people specifically at a certain location or region at a particular time
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| Spatial perspective | looking at where things occur, why they occur where they do, and how places are interconnected to each other
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| Geographic Concepts | mental categories used to analyze the world spatially in an organized way
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| Location | position on Earth, with includes absolute and relative location (one of the five themes of geography)
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| Absolute Location | precise location of a place, usually defined by latitude and longitude
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| Relative Location | the location of an attribute or place in comparison to another attribute or place
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| Location Theory | understanding the distribution of cities, industries, services, or consumers with a goal of explaining why certain sites are chosen for production and consumption (e.g. von Thünen model)
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| Human-environment | reciprocal relationship between humans and environment (another theme of geography)
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| Environmental Determinism | set of theories that use environmental differences that explain everything from intelligence to wealth
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| Hearth | a place or area when a new innovation, idea, or technology arises
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| Possibilism | a geographical theory that humans, not the physical environment, shape culture
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| Carrying Capacity | the idea that land can hold a measurable amount of plant and animal life
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| Cultural Ecology | study of the historical interaction between humans and environment in a place, including ways humans have modified and adapted to environment
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| Political Ecology | study of human-environmental interactions in context of political, economic, and historical conditions operating at multiple scales
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| Region | area of Earth identified as sharing a formal, function, or perceptual community which makes it distinguishable from regions around it (a theme of geography)
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| Formal Region | an area with common cultural or physical traits
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| Cultural Trait | a learned belief, value, or norm passed down through generations in a culture
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| Functional Region | area of land defined as sharing a common purpose in society
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| Nodes | connection point in a network, where goods and ideas flow in and out of the network
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| Perceptual/Vernacular Region | area of land that some individual perceives as being similar
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| Place | uniqueness of a location (another theme of geography)
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| Sense of Place | infusing a place with meaning as a result of experiences in that place
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| Perception of Place | how a place is envisioned
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| Movement | mobility of people, goods, and services across Earth (one of the five themes of geography)
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| Diffusion | spread of an idea, innovation, or technology from its hearth to other people and places
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| Spatial Interaction | level of connectedness or contact among people or places
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| Distance | the amount of space from one place to another
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| Accessibility | ease of flow between 2 places
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| Connectivity | position of a place or area relative to others in a network
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| Expansion Diffusion | the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth across space without the aid of people moving
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| Contagious Diffusion | spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on proximity (type of expansion diffusion)
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| Hierarchical Diffusion | spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on a hierarchy of connectedness (type of expansion diffusion)
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| Stimulus Diffusion | a process of diffusion where two cultural traits blend to create a distinct trait
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| Relocation Diffusion | spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth by act of people moving and taking the idea or innovation with them
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| Cultural Landscape | the visible human imprint on the landscape
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| Sequent Occupance | imprints left on the cultural landscape by a series of successive societies, Each society contributed to the cumulative cultural landscape.
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| Scale | Geographical scope (local, national, global) in which we analyze and understand a phenomenon
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| Rescale | change the geographical scope at which a problem is addressed by engaging decision makers and gatekeepers at another scale
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| Context | physical and human geographies shaping the environment, place and space, where events occur and people act
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| Cartography | the art and science of making maps
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| Reference Maps | maps showing absolute location of places and geographic features
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| Thematic Maps | a map that tells a story, typically showing the degree of some atribute or the movement of some geographic phenomena using symbols on the map
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| Global Positioning System (GPS) | satellite-based system determining the absolute location of places or geographic features
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| Mental maps | maps of an area made from memory or experience by groups or individuals (also known as cognitive maps)
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| Activity Spaces | places within the rounds of daily activity
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| Terra Incognita | areas on a map that are unknown to the map maker or off limits, resulting in them not being defined well
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| Remote Sensing | a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (e.g., satellites) that are physically distant from the area of study
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) | a system of computer hardware and software designed to show, analyze, and represent geographic data (data that have locations)
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| Culture | group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people
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| Cultural Complex | a group of interrelated cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils
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