Definitions for Topics 4.1-4.10
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| nation | a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
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| nation-state | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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| stateless nation | A nationality that is not represented by a state.
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| autonomous region | an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority
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| semi-autonomous region | area where a group has some type of political autonomy. Semi-autonomous regions, like Kurdistan, has a degree of power and self-determination, but not fully like the autonomous regions of Russia in the North Caucasus region
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| state | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. A country
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| multi-national state | State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
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| multi-state nation | a nation or cultural group that is divided across two or more state borders
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| sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
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| self-determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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| devolution | The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.
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| political boundaries | lines that define the border of a country or state
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| territoriality | the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals
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| political power | power used to determine who will hold government office and how the government will behave
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| neo-colonialism | control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures
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| shatterbelt | an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
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| chokepoint | a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water
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| relict boundary | a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features
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| superimposed boundary | a boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)
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| subsequent boundary | a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
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| antecedent boundary | a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area
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| geometric boundary | Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
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| consequent boundary | a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
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| International boundary | delineates the space between sovereign space
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| Internal boundary | boundaries that do not indicate sovereignty, but are used to break space into manageable units of administration
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| Delimited boundary | a boundary line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space
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| Demarcated boundary | a boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape; can be a sign, fence, wall, etc.
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| Defined boundary | a boundary estazblished by a legal document such as a treaty that divides one entity from another
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| Militarized boundary | a boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement
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| Maritime boundary | boundaries in the water; based on UNCLOS and various rights to the waters
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| UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | Governs how land waters will be divided; includes Territorial Seas, Contiguous Zones, Eclusive Economic Zones, and High Seas
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| Voting district | voting boundaries created; based on the Census
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| Redistricting | redrawing of district boudnaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people; based on the Census
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| Gerrymandering | drawing the boundaries of political districts by the party or group in power to extent or cement their advantage
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| Federal state | authority shared between the central government and provincial, state, and local governments; multiple levels of power
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| Unitary state | authority held primarily by central government with very little power given to local governments
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| Ethnic separatism | occurs when ethnic groups and minorities are concentrated in specific regions, leading to independence movemnts
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| Ethnic cleansing | forced removal of ethnic, religious, racial, or cultural groups from an area, usually in an effort to make that area more ethnically homogenous
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| Terrorism | organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear in the furtherance of political aims
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| Irredentism | a movement to unite by people who share a language or other cultural elements, but are divided by a national boundary
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| Subnationalism | people whose primary allegiance is not to their state, but to a traditional group or ethnicity
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| State disintegration | the breaking down of a state
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| Democratization | the transition toward more democratic governments
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| Transnational corporations | companies that conduct business on a global scale; have weakened state sovereignty and are able to move jobs from country to country
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| Economies of scale | the cost advantages of conducting economic activity on a large scale, like at the transnational level
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| Supranationalism | occurs when multiple states form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members
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| United Nations (UN) | organization of 193 countries; created to address global issues such as worldwide peace and human rights
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | organization created as a defensive alliance to help the United States in the Cold War; includes states such as United States, Canada, Iceland, Western and Central European states, Turkey
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| European Union (EU) | organization of mostly Western and Central European states; created to ensure political and economic cooperation
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| Arctic Council | organization of 8 states that each claim territory in the Arctic; promotes cooperation on Arctic issues, including indigenous people, sustainability, and environmental protection
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| African Union | organization of 55 African states; promotes unity and encourages economic integration
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| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | organization of 10 Southeast Asian states; promotes cooperation on a number of issues, including politics and economics
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| Failed State | political body that has disintegrated to the point that it is no longer a sovereign or functioning political entity
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| Ethnonationalism | support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group, especially its national independence or self-determination
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| Balkanization | the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile units along ethno-linguistic lines; usually applied specifically to the Balkan states in Europe
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| Reapportionment | changing the number of representattives granted so it reflects the population; done based on the Census
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| Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | organization that focuses on the production or petroleum, as well as working to stabilize oil markets; includes states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Indonexia, Venezuela, Nigeria, and Iran
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