Respiratory and Gas exchange
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| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the | medullary rhythmicity area.
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| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) | Spirometer.
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| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease
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| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? | Neuroglobin, myoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin
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| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of | Hemoglobin
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| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood.
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| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the | thoracic cavity.
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| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form | carbonic acid
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| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boyle’s
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| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is | Asthma.
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| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: | Total lung capacity
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| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? | dissolved oxygen in the plasma and associated with hemoglobin
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| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as | the Bohr effect.
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| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing.
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| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called | transpulmonary pressure
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| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | Tidal
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| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. | vital capacity
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| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is | carbaminohemoglobin
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| The amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood each minute depends on which factor? | oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood, total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane, respiratory minute volume, and alveolar ventilation
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| The forced expiratory volume test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the | volume of air expired per second during forced expiration
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| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. | chloride
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| The sensors that provide feedback information to the medullary rhythmicity area are the | central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors.
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| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of | bicarbonate ions
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| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? | alveolar ventilation
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| Which structural feature facilitates oxygen diffusion from the alveolar air into the blood in lung capillaries? | The alveolar and capillary walls are both very thin, The alveolar and capillary surfaces are both extremely large, The lung capillaries accommodate a large amount of blood at one time, and Each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air.
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| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as | compliance
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| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the | atmosphere and the alveolar air
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| According to the law of partial pressures, the partial pressure of gas in a mixture of gases is | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture
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| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood.
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| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? | Myoglobin
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