Surg Tech Orthopedic
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| Compact bone | "cortical bone - hard, dense tissue of bne that surrounds the marrow cavity
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| Cancellous bone | "spongy bone" - found at ends of bone and lining the medullary marrow canal
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| When the body detects low Ca, _______ are stimulated by _______ _______ to break down bone tissue and increase reabsorption of Ca from bones into blood | osteoclasts; parathyroid hormone
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| Long bones | bones of arm (humerus), legs (femur), hands, and feet (phalanges)
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| A partial fracture in a pediatric patient would be termed a ______ fracture | greenstick
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| A complete fracture that penetrates the skin is a(n) _____ or open fracture. | compound
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| If a fracture has more than two pieces, it usually occurs due to a direct crushing force and is called a _______ fracture. | comminuted
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| The patient slid off the roof, compressing the ends of the tibia into each other, creating a(n) ________ fracture. | impacted
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| Sacs that contain synovial fluid and act as lubrication to aid in joint movement | bursa
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| Epiphyseal plate is aka the _____ _____ | growth plate
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| Examples a flat bones | ribs, scapula, sternum, cranial bones
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| Examples of irregular bones | bones of skull and face and vertebrae
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| Sesamoid bones | "round bones" - found within tendons
ex: patella
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| 3 general groups of joints | immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
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| Immovable joints | "synarthrosis"
ex: suture lines of cranial bones
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| Slightly movable joints | "amphiarthrosis"
ex: cartilage that connects vertebrae and disk of cartilage (symphysis pubis)
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| Freely movable joints | "diarthrosis" "synovial joints"
ex: knee, elbow
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| Ball-and-socket joints | widest ROM; movement in all planes
ex: shoulder, hip
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| Condyloid joints | allows for movement in only one plane with some lateral movement
ex: TMJ
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| Gliding joints | allow side-to-side and twisting movements
ex: carpals of wrist
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| Hinge joints | allows movement in only one plane
ex: elbow
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| Pivot joints | allow only a rotational movement around a central axis
ex: proximal end of radius
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| Saddle joints | allow movement in a variety of planes
ex: trapezium of wrist with metacarpal of thumb
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| Osteochondritis dissecans | "joint mice"
small piece of cartilage and bone separate from end of a bone due to a loss of blood supply, and the pieces become lodged within the joint space, causing instability
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| Valgus | outward turning
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| Varus | inward turning
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| Genu valgum | "knock-kneed"
knees are in close position and space between ankles is inc
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| Genu varum | "bow-legged"
space between knees is abnormally inc and lower legs bow inwardly
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| Normal process of bone healing | 1. inflammation
2. cellular proliferation
3. callus formation
4. ossification
5. remodeling
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| Inflammatory stage | begins at time of injury and lasts about 2 days - hematoma is formed
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| Cellular proliferation | begins approx 2nd day - macrophages debride area and allow for formation of a fibrin mesh that seals the approximated edges of fracture site
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| Callus formation | lasts 3-4 weeks - soft tissue growth continues and bone fragments grow toward one another
osteoblasts form a matrix of collagen that invades the periosteal callus, bridging the fracture site and uniting the two ends of bone
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| Ossification stage | beings after 2-3 weeks and can last 3-4 months - matrix of osteoblasts calcifies
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| Remodeling stage | maintenance state of normal bone
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| Distraction | bone fragments that are separated so that bone contact does not occur
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| Delayed union | inc in healing time for fractures
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| Nounion | when fractured bone ends do not unite
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| Malunion | when the fracture heals in a position that does not resemble the original anatomical form of the bone and alters the mechanical function of the bone
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| 2 most frequently used types of casting material | fiberglass and plaster
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| When is a fracture table used | hip fracture, femoral nailing
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| Unaffected leg is placed in a boot that's (abducted/adducted) to allow for c-arm to be positioned over the injured site | abducted
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| What is used to exsanguinate an extremity? | Ace or Esmarch bandage
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| Tourniquets should not be applied for longer than ______ for upper extremities or ________ for lower extremities | 1 hr; 1.5 hrs
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| 3 types of traction | manual, skin, or skeletal
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| CPM | continuous passive ROM machine
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| What is a CPM used for? | aids in dec pain and swelling at operative site
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| Type of suture used to repair ligaments, tendons, muscles, and bone | nonabsorbable
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| Type of suture used to close periosteum | absorbable
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| Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) | bone cement - used during total joint arthroplasty
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| Doubly curved bone that acts as a brace for scapula | clavicle
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| Where does the clavicle articulate? | medially with manubrium and laterally with acromion process of scapula
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| AC joint | acromioclavicular joint - articulation between lateral end of clavicle and flattened, small process at border of acromion
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| Why is a shoulder scope performed? | removal of loose bodies, bursectomy, rotator cuff repairs, labral tear repair, and repair of impingement syndrome (dec ROM)
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| What tendon is examined for injury during a shoulder scope? | biceps tendon
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| Biggest complication of acromioplasty | loss of anterior deltoid function caused by axillary nerve injury or detachment of deltoid from acromion (biceps tendon rupture)
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| Primary reason for shoulder arthroplasty | chronic pain from glenohumeral arthritis with significant loss of ROM and joint function
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| Complications of arthropalsty | narrowing of joint space, osteophyte formation, and cysts
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| Screw with a wider thread and wider-spaced threads used in epiphyseal bone | cancellous screw
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| Screw with closely spaced shallow threads for dense bone found in the diaphysis | cortical screw
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| Screw that is partially threaded to compress bone between the screw head and the distal threads | lag screw
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| Screw with hollow central shaft, usually inserted over a guide wire or pin | cannulated screw
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| Pin segments in larger diameters used for skeletal traction or as guide pin for screws | Steinmen
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| Placed in the intramedullary shaft for fractures of long bones—early ambulation | pins or rods
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| Characterizations of total knee arthroscopy | unicompartmental, bicompartmental, tricompartmental
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| 3 bones of pelvis | ilium, ischium, pubis
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| Which nerve is identified and protected during a THA? | sciatic
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| Antegrade | come from above (periformus muscle entry)
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| Retrograde | come from below ( intercondylar notch entry)
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| Instrument required when using cannulated nails | guide rod
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| What tendon passes down bilaterally to the patella and inserts on the upper tibia? | proximal quadriceps femoris
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| Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | attached to posterior midline surface of tibia and passes anteriorly, attaching to medial condyle of femur
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| Purpose of PCL | prevents femur from sliding anteriorly on tibia
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| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | attached to posterior lateral condyle of femur and to a notch in the midline of tibia between tibial condyles
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| Purpose of ACL | prevents hyperextension of knee, limits the medial rotation of femur
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| Larger and stronger bone of lower leg that holds body weight | tibia "shinbone"
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| Distally, the tibia articulates with the _____ bone to form part of the ankle joint | talus
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| Laterally, the tibia articulates with ____ | fibula
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| Arthrodesis is the fusion of which joints? | subtalar, calcaneocuboid, talonavicular joints
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| The Achilles' tendon connects the _____, _____, and _____ muscles to the ______. | gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris; calcaneus
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| Thompson "squeeze test" | calf is squeezed just distal to its maximal diameter while pt is prone to cause plantar flexion of ankle joint - test is + for tendon rupture when no flexion occurs
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| Hallux valgus | bunion
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| Techniques used to treat hallux valgus | Aken, Chevron, McKeever, Keller, McBride
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