Blood
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| what is plasma? | show 🗑
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| show | plasma w/fibrinogen and other clotting-related proteins removed, because of clotting
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| show | most abundant of the blood proteins; synthesized in liver
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| what is the purpose of plasma proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | a protein with which oxygen (and to a lesser extent CO2) reversibly combine; oxygen binds to iron atoms (Fe++) in Hb
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| what is hematopoiesis? | show 🗑
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| where do blood cells originate? | show 🗑
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| show | in the yolk sac during the third week of embryonic development
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| where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus? | show 🗑
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| where does hematopoiesis occur pre- and postpartum? | show 🗑
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| show | lymphoblasts, myeloblasts, and hemocytoblasts
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| what develops from lymphoblasts? | show 🗑
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| what develops from myeloblasts? | show 🗑
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| show | erythrocytes
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| how are RBCs specialized? | show 🗑
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| what do mature RBCs mostly contain? | show 🗑
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| show | early in development they have all the organelles typical of active cells, but as they mature, their organelles break down and their nuclei are extruded
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| what is special about the shape of a RBC? | show 🗑
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| show | a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulate the production of RBCs, by stimulating the stem cell to produce many hemocytoblasts, stimulating the normoblast to differentiate into the reticulocyte, and stimulating the reticulocyte to differentiate into
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| show | the bone marrow
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| what is the stimulus for erythropoietin? | show 🗑
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| show | because it is high priority for blood flow
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| show | about 25% of cardiac output at any given time
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| map the development of a RBC from stem cell to erythrocyte | show 🗑
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| how does the normoblast become a reticulocyte? | show 🗑
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| how does the reticulocyte become an erythrocyte? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 million!
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| show | by pO2 concentrations (i.e. blood oxygen levels) and anemia; a decrease in pO2 (hypoxia) stimulates the release of erythropoietin; an increase in pO2 inhibits the release of erythropoietin; various forms of anemia will stimulate the releaase of erythropoi
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| show | high altitude, hemorrhage, and heart disease
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| how long does it take for new RBCs to appear in the bloodstream? | show 🗑
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| show | megaloblastic anemia
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| show | pernicious anemia
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| show | iron deficiency anemia
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| show | marrow of most bones produce blood cells
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| where are blood cells produced in adults? | show 🗑
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| show | about 120 days before they are destroyed; 1% of body's erythrocytes are destroyed and replaced daily
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| show | because they squeeze through narrow capillaries and experience wear and tear on the cell membrane
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| what at the erythrocytes destruction sites? | show 🗑
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| how are RBCs destroyed? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) split into heme and globin 2) globin is digested into amino acids (amino acids can be reused) 3) heme porphyrin component converted into bilirubin
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| show | heme: complex porphyrin molecule containing iron; globin: protein chains
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| show | 1) heme porphyrin is converted into non-conjugated bilirubin; 2) non-conjugated bilirubin is transported to the liver 3) glucuronic acid is added to the non-conjugated bilirubin; 4) liver transports conjugated bilirubin via biliary system to duodenum
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| show | aka bile pigment; the major breakdown product of hemoglobin
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| what is another name for bilirubin diglucuronide? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood; 2) increased conjugated bilirubin in the blood
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| show | excess destruction of erythrocytes
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| show | blockage of the biliary system
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| what type of bilirubin would be most elevated in hemolytic anemia? | show 🗑
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| what type of bilirubin would be most elevated in neonatal jaundice? | show 🗑
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| show | conjugated; this is a conjenital condition where there is a lack of bile ducts in the liver; RBC destruction rate is normal, liver function is normal, formation of conjugated bilirubin is normal, but it can't be removed thru the biliary system
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| show | conjugated; often results from inflammatory processes in the liver in which scar tissue blocks the ducts; liver function is normal
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| show | stoppage of bleeding
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| show | immediate responses which function to decrease blood loss, followed by long-term mechanisms which keep damaged vessels occluded until they can be repaired
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| show | vasospasm (blood vessel spasm), platelet plug, and coagulation
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| describe vasospasm | show 🗑
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| show | it is an immediate mechanism; the platelet contacts the roughened surface, such as a damaged blood vessel and releases chemical substances ADP & thromboxane A; platelets aggregate and can seal small holes in blood vessels
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| how do platelets contract? | show 🗑
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| show | cell fragments which function in hemostasis
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| show | ADP stimulates platelet activation, then platelet aggregation (a positive feeback mechanism); thromboxane A stimulates platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
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| show | thrombocytopenias are manifested by the appearance of many small, pinpoint hemorhages which are especially visible on the mucous membranes; these hemorrhages are called petechiae (tiny, broken capillary blood vessels)
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| show | platelet deficiency
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| show | several chemicals important in the clotting process
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| what is coagulation? | show 🗑
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| what is the purpose of a clot? | show 🗑
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| what are the 2 mechanisms for blood clotting? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) they are both complex chemical pathways that lead to clot formation 2) they have different initial reactions, but the later stages are the same
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| show | because it consists of a complex series of reactions and the product of one reaction frequently serves as an enzyme to activate the next; it is called a cascade because it takes so many sequential steps to get to the final product
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| show | it shouldn't be too easy to produce a clot!
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| show | 3 stages
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| what happens in extrinsic stage 1? | show 🗑
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| what happens in extrinsic stage 2? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) thrombin activates plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin monomers; 2) 2nd clotting factor (factor 13) in the presence of calcium ions, stabilizes the fibrin monomers to form fibrin polymers
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| show | positive feeback on the cascade leading back to itself
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| what happens in intrinsic stage 1? | show 🗑
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| show | same as extrinsic mechanism
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| how is clotting prevented? | show 🗑
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| show | moving blood is less likely to clow than blood which is still; flowing blood keeps the clotting factors from aggregating together in one place
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| show | healthy endothelium is smoother than glass, which prevents adherence of clotting factors; damaged endothelium is roughened and this activates clotting factor
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| how does negative charge prevent clotting? | show 🗑
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| show | heparin is an anti-coagulant found in basophils, mast cells, and is also produced by endothelial cells; it prevents clotting by stimulating activity of antithrombin III
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| show | antithrombin III is a plasma protein which functions to inhibit thrombin, and therefore inhibits clotting
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| show | inhibits further clothing by binding thrombin, thus preventing the cascade from continuing unchecked
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| compare venous bleeding from arterial bleeding | show 🗑
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| what is a hemotoma? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) fibrin polymers form meshwork trapping blood cells and platelets 2) soft, jelly-like clot forms 3) trapped platelets release platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
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| show | 1) stimulate fibroblasts to repair damaged wall of blood vessel by forming connective tissue 2) stimulates enlargement of atherosclerotic plaque (stiff, scar-like plaque) by stimulating fibroblasts
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| what is retraction? | show 🗑
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| what is the fluid squeezed out of the clot called? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) begins as soon as clot is formed 2) plasminogen (a plasma protein) is activated to plasmin - an enzyme that digests fibrin
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| how id plasminogen activated to plasmin? | show 🗑
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| how long does it take for a clot to be dissolved? | show 🗑
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| what is a thrombus? | show 🗑
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| what is an embolus? | show 🗑
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| show | the lungs, because of the extensive network of capillaries
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| show | roughly 5 liters (1.3 gallons)
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| show | veins: 70%; arteries: 10%; heart and lungs: 15%; capillaries: 5%
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| show | as capacitance vessels or blood "reservoir"
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| what do the capillaries do? | show 🗑
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| What is PCC? | show 🗑
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