Jensen TMU
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| When did Abram enter Canaan | c.2090 BC
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| When was the Exodus? | c. 1446 BC
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| When was the the Chaldean/Babylonian Empire? | c. 612-539 BC
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| When was Judah’s 70 yr Babylonian captivity? | 605-536 BC
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| When was the Persian empire? (Started by Cyrus, ended by Alexander) | c. 550-331
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| Howard Carter | Discovered king Tut’s tomb
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| Zoroastrianism | The de-facto( not acknowledged, but actually) state religion of Persia(Iran area)
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| Regal dating | Dating based off of the reigns of kings
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| Mesopotamia | “Land between rivers” in modern-day Iraq and Syria
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| Fertile Crescent | Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Palestine
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| Far East | India and China
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| “Cradle of civilization” | Name for Mesopotamia
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| Civilization= | Culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban(city) life
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| Mesopotamian home | Swampy flood plain with irregular flooding
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| Tigris and Euphrates | Open to invasion- constant warfare
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| City-state | Urban region and agricultural land under city control (Ur was a leader)
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| Cuneiform | Mesopotamian writing system
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| Widespread slavery | Almost 40-50%
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| Religion of Mesopotamia | Polytheism
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| Sargon I (the great) | First substantial empire- Persian gulf to Mediterranean
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| Babylon | City prominent under Hammurabi
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| Hammurabi | Known for his law code
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| Egypt | Known as gift of the nile
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| Nile river | Rose and fell with precision
Left black silt behind
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| One of the longest lasting civilizations | Egypt
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| Pharaoh | Believed to be god and man
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| Pyramid | Burial chamber for pharaohs
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| Pharaohs form of burial | Mummification
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| Rosetta stone | Translated Egyptian hieroglyphics
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| Solar calendar | Devised by Egypt
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| Old kingdom period | Age of pyramids at climax in Giza
Yet lead to decline in economic because of high architecture spending
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| Hyksos-invaders from Syria | Overthrown in national uprising
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| Hatshepsut | 1st Female pharaoh
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| Amenhotep II | Pharaoh during 1446 exodus
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| Akhenaton (amenhotep IV) | Pharaoh who Attempted monotheistic reform
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| Tutankhamen (king tut) | His tomb escaped looting
Found mostly intact
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| United Kingdom of Israel 3 first kings | Saul, David, Solomon
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| Kingdom divided | Israel (10 northern- Samaria) conquered by Assyria
Judah (2 Southern- Jerusalem) conquered by Babylon
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| Celt (Kelt) | Western European peoples during Iron Age
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| Hittites | (Asia Minor) modern turkey
Alleged error in bible- Recent archaelogy Verified bible
Historians practiced revisionism
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| Hittites | Iron weapons
Formal treaties
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| Phoenicians (canaanites) | Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, colonizers
Export cloth dyed purple
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| Arameans | Dominated camel caravan trade
Language (Aramaic) became international language of near east
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| Assyrian | Militaristic and cruel people
Ruled by terror
Deported the ten tribes of Israel
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| Chaldean( Babylonian) | Joins with Medes to overthrow assyrian
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| Persian | Made royal highways
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| Persia location | Modern Iran- massive empire
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| Cyrus the great | One of the greatest conquerors in the ancient near east
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| Epic of Gilgamesh | Written before Genesis
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| Aegean Age:Minoans, Mycenaeans, Dorians | 2000-1200 BC
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| Greek “dark ages” | 1150-750 BC
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| Hellenic Age:city-states emerge-Greek “golden age” | 750-323 BC
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| The Peloponnesian War(s) | 431-404
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| The Hellenistic age: “Greek-like” after Alexander to Augustus | 323-27 BC
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| Demagoguery | Selfish, unprincipled appeals to popular passions and prejudices
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| Parthenon | Major temple in Athens
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| Aristocracy | Rule by the best
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| Monarchy | Rule by a monarch, King or Queen, may involve a royal family
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| Oligarchy | Rule by a few
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| Republic | Rule by elected leaders
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| Why are Greeks important? | Their ideas
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| Size of Greece(area) | England or Alabama
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| Influenced by geography | Mountains & Maritime (sea)
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| Caused colonization | Few natural resources
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| Polis | Major town with surrounding territory
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| Minoan | Island of Crete
Commercialized agriculture
Prosperous trade
Prosperous trade
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| Mycenaean | Located at Mycenae (Greek mainland)
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| Greek Dark Ages | After destruction caused by Dorian invasion
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| Battle of Marathon | (Part of Persian Wars) Greeks defeated invading Persian army
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| Athens | Commercial and sea-faring community
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| Practiced direct democracy | Participation by all men with 2 Athenian parents(citizens)
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| Ostracism | Dangerous persons could be exiled for ten years by vote
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| Athenian politics | Demagoguery
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| Sparta | Similar to modern totalitarian states- subordination of the individual to the state
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| Slaves(helots) | Outnumbered citizens 10/1
Used for agricultural, craft, other domestic settings
Spartans free for “other” pursuits
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| Sparta | Isolated and agricultural
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| Peloponnesian War | Who would rule Greece?
Athenian Navy vs. Spartan Ground troops
Sparta wins
Sparta won
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| The Olympic games | Warring city-states called truces during games
Men only at first
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| Phillip II | King of Macedonia
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| Alexander the Great | Son of Phillip II
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| Hellenistic Age/Period | Spread Greek culture eastward by Alexander’s conquests
300yrs from death of Alexander until Ptolemaic Greece was defeated by Augustus at Actium
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| Death of Alexander divided Empire 4 into 3 kingdoms | 1. Ptolemaic-Egypt
2. Seleucid-Persian Empire
3. Antigonid-Macedonia
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| Greek beliefs | Switch from myth to philosophy
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| Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle’s counter to Sophits(reject absolute truth) | The notion that truth is real and discoverable
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| Epicureans | Finest pleasures are intellectual
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| Stoics | Universe controlled by something
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| Cleisthenes | Founder of Athenian democracy
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| Pericles | Statesman- dominated Athens during its “Golden Age”
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| Protagoras | Famous Sophist “man is the measure of all things”
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| Socrates | Taught by probing and asking penetrating questions
“Know Yourself” - the unexamined life is not worth living
Drank hemlock-sentenced to death
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| Plato | Founded Academy to train ruling class
Theory of “Forms”
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| Aristotle | Pupil of Plato
Tutored Alexander the Great
elements of deductive and inductive reasoning
Elements of inductive/deductive reasoning
Laid down rules for syllogisms(deductive scheme)
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| When was the Roman republic? | 509 BC- 27 BC
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| When was Julius Caesar assassinated? | 44BC (March 15th)
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| When was the Birth and Fall of Roman Empire? | 27 BC- AD 476
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| When was the Pax Romana? | 27BC- AD 180
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| When was Jerusalem destroyed by Titus? | AD 70
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| Gaul | Ancient region of Europe
Present day: France
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| Proletariat | Lowest class who paid no taxes but produced children(proles)
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| Roman political life transitions | Republic——dictator——empire
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| Where is Rome located? | On the Tiber river, surrounded by hills for protection
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| Paterfamilias | Father ruled the family unit
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| Roman government | Republic with 2 consuls- ruled by advice from senate
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| Makeup of Roman Society | 10%- Patricians (wealthy, controlled senate)
90%- Plebeians (commoners)
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| Senate | Council of nobles (served for life) from Patrician class
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| Tribal assembly | Represented plebeian concerns
Had equality with senate
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| Origins of Hanukkah | Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV (epiphanes) tried to destroy Judaism. Maccabean revolt-restored temple worship (feast of rededication: Hanukkah)
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| Carthage’s advantage in Punic wars | Excellent navy
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| Hannibal | Carthaginian General was very successful in destroying Rome for 16 years. Defeated by Roman Scipio.
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| What tore Rome apart? | Deterioration of cooperation and internal dissension
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| Latifundia | Large plantations
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| Who attempted reform? | Gracchi brothers- Senate uncompromising
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| Spartacus | Gladiator in Rome who led slave revolt
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| Who led military changes? | Gaius Marius- restructure the army (loyalty to general not Roman government)
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| 1st Roman civil war | Cornelius Sulla v Gaius Marius
Wanted military command
Victor: Sulla
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| Caesar’s conquest | Gained control of Legions of Gaul/ invaded Britain
(Now had fortune and military followers)
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| Crossing the Rubicon | “An irrevocable decision”
Acted against Pompey’s order to leave army before entering Rome
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| Julius Caesar was not a nice guy | Death or enslavement of over 1 million people
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| Cleopatra+Julius Caesar | Met in Egypt, went back to Rome-had illegitimate son
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| Calendar reform | Changed to solar- July after himself
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| 2nd Triumvirate (after Caesar’s death) | Mark Antony (Caesar’s lieutenant), Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Lepidus (statesman)
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| Battle of Actium | Naval battle Mark Antony v Octavian
Victor: Octavian
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| Fourth Emperor of Roman Empire | Claudius- Roman occupation of Britain
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| Octavian (Augustus Caesar) | “First citizen” basically dictator with senate input
Had near total control or army
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| Octavian’s legislation | Against adultery
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| Pax Romana | Roman peace
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| Entertainment in Rome | Bread and circuses- (free food and entertainment)
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| Emperor Diocletian | Split the empire (easier control)
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| Tetrarchy | Four rulers
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| Constantine’s “conversion” | Due to an unlikely victory at Milvian bridge
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| Edict of Milan | Gave religious freedom
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| East and west empires united by who? | Constantine
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| New capital under Constantine | Byzantium- “Constantinople”
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| Constantine not Christian…. | Was Pontifex Maximus- head of pagan state religious cult
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| Herod the Great | Ruled over Judea (king of the Jews) appointed by Mark Antony and Octavian
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| Titus | Destroyed Jerusalem and Temple
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| Rome’s contributions | Military Science—
Romance Languages—
Architecture and Engineering—
Environment for Christianity’s Birth and Expansion
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| Fall of Rome | Only in west
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| Reason for fall of Rome | Multiple Causation (no single explanation)
Technological innovation stagnated
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| Barbarians | Nickname for “All tribes”
Warred against themselves and sometimes Rome
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| Barbarian groups | Visigoths, Vandals, Huns
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| Former Roman mercenaries | Germanic Heruli
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| Who persuaded Attila the Hun to not attack Rome? | Pope Leo I
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| Franks | Dominated Europe after fall of Western Roman Empire
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| When was the birth of Jesus? | 5-4 BC
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| When was the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus | AD 30
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| When was the Edict of Milan? | AD 313
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| When was the Council of Nicaea | AD 325
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| When did Athanasius outline his statement on the NT canon | AD 367
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| Arianism | Heretical teachings - deny deity of Jesus
Say He is just a good person
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| Swoon/ Semi-coma theory | Christ didn’t die…. Went unconscious
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| Vision/hallucination theory | Disciples saw vision of Jesus alive/all hallucinations
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| Wrong tomb | Disciples found the wrong empty tomb
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| Fraud theory | Disciples or others stole the body-claim resurrection
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| Christ-myth | Believe that Jesus never lived-was invented
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| Ancient historical/political proof of christ | No official record has been preserved of any report which pontiff Pilate or any other Roman governor of Judea sent to Rome about anything
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| Pagan source that verifies Christ | Cornelius Tacitus- “Roman Annals” talk about “Christians” -got name from Christ, who was executed by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilate in the reign of Tiberius
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| Modern secular sources | “Easy for Jewish side to question existence of Jesus, but never did”
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| Why were Christians a target of Roman persecution | Viewed as disloyal subjects of empire- treasonous
Thought to be atheists
Lifestyle sharp contrast with Roman culture-refused to go to arena/theatres/public baths
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| Emperor Decius | First Empire-wide persecution
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| Emperor Diocletian | The great persecution
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| Emperors Constantine and Licinius | Made religious freedom throughout Roman Empire with edict of Milan
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| Theodius | Made Christianity the state religion of Rome
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| What was one appeal for the spread of Christianity | Equality for slaves/women with free men
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| Apologists | Sought to defend or explain Christianity
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| Polemicists | Attacked heretical ideas
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| One defect of the church fathers | Sacerdotalism— priest was an essential mediator between God and man
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| Council of Nicaea | Held by Constantine and many bishops
End of Pilgrim Church era(no longer independent of state)
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| Arius | Jesus is a created being (there was a time when the son was not)
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| Athanasius | Jesus has the same essence as the Father
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| Eusebius | Middle position….Jesus has a similar essence
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| Ambrose | Bishop of Milan— subjected the emperor to church discipline
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| Jerome | Produced Latin translation of Bible (Vulgate) later became the authorized RCC Bible
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| Apocrypha | 14 Books of Septuagint not part of Hebrew Bible -not accepted by Jews or Protestants
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| Augustine | Bishop of Hippo, emphasized calling of the elect
Christian Philosophy of History
“Whole Tenor Principle”
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| Monasticism | A way of life that emphasizes certain aspects: life-in-community, celibacy, poverty, worship, etc
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| Aceticism | Practicing strict self-denial
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| Benedict of Nursia | Focused on poverty, chastity, and obedience
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| Positive elements of monasticism | Seats of learning(preservation)
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| Negative elements of monasticism | False standards of holiness developed
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