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World History Exam 1
Jensen TMU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did Abram enter Canaan | c.2090 BC |
| When was the Exodus? | c. 1446 BC |
| When was the the Chaldean/Babylonian Empire? | c. 612-539 BC |
| When was Judah’s 70 yr Babylonian captivity? | 605-536 BC |
| When was the Persian empire? (Started by Cyrus, ended by Alexander) | c. 550-331 |
| Howard Carter | Discovered king Tut’s tomb |
| Zoroastrianism | The de-facto( not acknowledged, but actually) state religion of Persia(Iran area) |
| Regal dating | Dating based off of the reigns of kings |
| Mesopotamia | “Land between rivers” in modern-day Iraq and Syria |
| Fertile Crescent | Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Palestine |
| Far East | India and China |
| “Cradle of civilization” | Name for Mesopotamia |
| Civilization= | Culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban(city) life |
| Mesopotamian home | Swampy flood plain with irregular flooding |
| Tigris and Euphrates | Open to invasion- constant warfare |
| City-state | Urban region and agricultural land under city control (Ur was a leader) |
| Cuneiform | Mesopotamian writing system |
| Widespread slavery | Almost 40-50% |
| Religion of Mesopotamia | Polytheism |
| Sargon I (the great) | First substantial empire- Persian gulf to Mediterranean |
| Babylon | City prominent under Hammurabi |
| Hammurabi | Known for his law code |
| Egypt | Known as gift of the nile |
| Nile river | Rose and fell with precision Left black silt behind |
| One of the longest lasting civilizations | Egypt |
| Pharaoh | Believed to be god and man |
| Pyramid | Burial chamber for pharaohs |
| Pharaohs form of burial | Mummification |
| Rosetta stone | Translated Egyptian hieroglyphics |
| Solar calendar | Devised by Egypt |
| Old kingdom period | Age of pyramids at climax in Giza Yet lead to decline in economic because of high architecture spending |
| Hyksos-invaders from Syria | Overthrown in national uprising |
| Hatshepsut | 1st Female pharaoh |
| Amenhotep II | Pharaoh during 1446 exodus |
| Akhenaton (amenhotep IV) | Pharaoh who Attempted monotheistic reform |
| Tutankhamen (king tut) | His tomb escaped looting Found mostly intact |
| United Kingdom of Israel 3 first kings | Saul, David, Solomon |
| Kingdom divided | Israel (10 northern- Samaria) conquered by Assyria Judah (2 Southern- Jerusalem) conquered by Babylon |
| Celt (Kelt) | Western European peoples during Iron Age |
| Hittites | (Asia Minor) modern turkey Alleged error in bible- Recent archaelogy Verified bible Historians practiced revisionism |
| Hittites | Iron weapons Formal treaties |
| Phoenicians (canaanites) | Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, colonizers Export cloth dyed purple |
| Arameans | Dominated camel caravan trade Language (Aramaic) became international language of near east |
| Assyrian | Militaristic and cruel people Ruled by terror Deported the ten tribes of Israel |
| Chaldean( Babylonian) | Joins with Medes to overthrow assyrian |
| Persian | Made royal highways |
| Persia location | Modern Iran- massive empire |
| Cyrus the great | One of the greatest conquerors in the ancient near east |
| Epic of Gilgamesh | Written before Genesis |
| Aegean Age:Minoans, Mycenaeans, Dorians | 2000-1200 BC |
| Greek “dark ages” | 1150-750 BC |
| Hellenic Age:city-states emerge-Greek “golden age” | 750-323 BC |
| The Peloponnesian War(s) | 431-404 |
| The Hellenistic age: “Greek-like” after Alexander to Augustus | 323-27 BC |
| Demagoguery | Selfish, unprincipled appeals to popular passions and prejudices |
| Parthenon | Major temple in Athens |
| Aristocracy | Rule by the best |
| Monarchy | Rule by a monarch, King or Queen, may involve a royal family |
| Oligarchy | Rule by a few |
| Republic | Rule by elected leaders |
| Why are Greeks important? | Their ideas |
| Size of Greece(area) | England or Alabama |
| Influenced by geography | Mountains & Maritime (sea) |
| Caused colonization | Few natural resources |
| Polis | Major town with surrounding territory |
| Minoan | Island of Crete Commercialized agriculture Prosperous trade Prosperous trade |
| Mycenaean | Located at Mycenae (Greek mainland) |
| Greek Dark Ages | After destruction caused by Dorian invasion |
| Battle of Marathon | (Part of Persian Wars) Greeks defeated invading Persian army |
| Athens | Commercial and sea-faring community |
| Practiced direct democracy | Participation by all men with 2 Athenian parents(citizens) |
| Ostracism | Dangerous persons could be exiled for ten years by vote |
| Athenian politics | Demagoguery |
| Sparta | Similar to modern totalitarian states- subordination of the individual to the state |
| Slaves(helots) | Outnumbered citizens 10/1 Used for agricultural, craft, other domestic settings Spartans free for “other” pursuits |
| Sparta | Isolated and agricultural |
| Peloponnesian War | Who would rule Greece? Athenian Navy vs. Spartan Ground troops Sparta wins Sparta won |
| The Olympic games | Warring city-states called truces during games Men only at first |
| Phillip II | King of Macedonia |
| Alexander the Great | Son of Phillip II |
| Hellenistic Age/Period | Spread Greek culture eastward by Alexander’s conquests 300yrs from death of Alexander until Ptolemaic Greece was defeated by Augustus at Actium |
| Death of Alexander divided Empire 4 into 3 kingdoms | 1. Ptolemaic-Egypt 2. Seleucid-Persian Empire 3. Antigonid-Macedonia |
| Greek beliefs | Switch from myth to philosophy |
| Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle’s counter to Sophits(reject absolute truth) | The notion that truth is real and discoverable |
| Epicureans | Finest pleasures are intellectual |
| Stoics | Universe controlled by something |
| Cleisthenes | Founder of Athenian democracy |
| Pericles | Statesman- dominated Athens during its “Golden Age” |
| Protagoras | Famous Sophist “man is the measure of all things” |
| Socrates | Taught by probing and asking penetrating questions “Know Yourself” - the unexamined life is not worth living Drank hemlock-sentenced to death |
| Plato | Founded Academy to train ruling class Theory of “Forms” |
| Aristotle | Pupil of Plato Tutored Alexander the Great elements of deductive and inductive reasoning Elements of inductive/deductive reasoning Laid down rules for syllogisms(deductive scheme) |
| When was the Roman republic? | 509 BC- 27 BC |
| When was Julius Caesar assassinated? | 44BC (March 15th) |
| When was the Birth and Fall of Roman Empire? | 27 BC- AD 476 |
| When was the Pax Romana? | 27BC- AD 180 |
| When was Jerusalem destroyed by Titus? | AD 70 |
| Gaul | Ancient region of Europe Present day: France |
| Proletariat | Lowest class who paid no taxes but produced children(proles) |
| Roman political life transitions | Republic——dictator——empire |
| Where is Rome located? | On the Tiber river, surrounded by hills for protection |
| Paterfamilias | Father ruled the family unit |
| Roman government | Republic with 2 consuls- ruled by advice from senate |
| Makeup of Roman Society | 10%- Patricians (wealthy, controlled senate) 90%- Plebeians (commoners) |
| Senate | Council of nobles (served for life) from Patrician class |
| Tribal assembly | Represented plebeian concerns Had equality with senate |
| Origins of Hanukkah | Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV (epiphanes) tried to destroy Judaism. Maccabean revolt-restored temple worship (feast of rededication: Hanukkah) |
| Carthage’s advantage in Punic wars | Excellent navy |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian General was very successful in destroying Rome for 16 years. Defeated by Roman Scipio. |
| What tore Rome apart? | Deterioration of cooperation and internal dissension |
| Latifundia | Large plantations |
| Who attempted reform? | Gracchi brothers- Senate uncompromising |
| Spartacus | Gladiator in Rome who led slave revolt |
| Who led military changes? | Gaius Marius- restructure the army (loyalty to general not Roman government) |
| 1st Roman civil war | Cornelius Sulla v Gaius Marius Wanted military command Victor: Sulla |
| Caesar’s conquest | Gained control of Legions of Gaul/ invaded Britain (Now had fortune and military followers) |
| Crossing the Rubicon | “An irrevocable decision” Acted against Pompey’s order to leave army before entering Rome |
| Julius Caesar was not a nice guy | Death or enslavement of over 1 million people |
| Cleopatra+Julius Caesar | Met in Egypt, went back to Rome-had illegitimate son |
| Calendar reform | Changed to solar- July after himself |
| 2nd Triumvirate (after Caesar’s death) | Mark Antony (Caesar’s lieutenant), Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Lepidus (statesman) |
| Battle of Actium | Naval battle Mark Antony v Octavian Victor: Octavian |
| Fourth Emperor of Roman Empire | Claudius- Roman occupation of Britain |
| Octavian (Augustus Caesar) | “First citizen” basically dictator with senate input Had near total control or army |
| Octavian’s legislation | Against adultery |
| Pax Romana | Roman peace |
| Entertainment in Rome | Bread and circuses- (free food and entertainment) |
| Emperor Diocletian | Split the empire (easier control) |
| Tetrarchy | Four rulers |
| Constantine’s “conversion” | Due to an unlikely victory at Milvian bridge |
| Edict of Milan | Gave religious freedom |
| East and west empires united by who? | Constantine |
| New capital under Constantine | Byzantium- “Constantinople” |
| Constantine not Christian…. | Was Pontifex Maximus- head of pagan state religious cult |
| Herod the Great | Ruled over Judea (king of the Jews) appointed by Mark Antony and Octavian |
| Titus | Destroyed Jerusalem and Temple |
| Rome’s contributions | Military Science— Romance Languages— Architecture and Engineering— Environment for Christianity’s Birth and Expansion |
| Fall of Rome | Only in west |
| Reason for fall of Rome | Multiple Causation (no single explanation) Technological innovation stagnated |
| Barbarians | Nickname for “All tribes” Warred against themselves and sometimes Rome |
| Barbarian groups | Visigoths, Vandals, Huns |
| Former Roman mercenaries | Germanic Heruli |
| Who persuaded Attila the Hun to not attack Rome? | Pope Leo I |
| Franks | Dominated Europe after fall of Western Roman Empire |
| When was the birth of Jesus? | 5-4 BC |
| When was the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus | AD 30 |
| When was the Edict of Milan? | AD 313 |
| When was the Council of Nicaea | AD 325 |
| When did Athanasius outline his statement on the NT canon | AD 367 |
| Arianism | Heretical teachings - deny deity of Jesus Say He is just a good person |
| Swoon/ Semi-coma theory | Christ didn’t die…. Went unconscious |
| Vision/hallucination theory | Disciples saw vision of Jesus alive/all hallucinations |
| Wrong tomb | Disciples found the wrong empty tomb |
| Fraud theory | Disciples or others stole the body-claim resurrection |
| Christ-myth | Believe that Jesus never lived-was invented |
| Ancient historical/political proof of christ | No official record has been preserved of any report which pontiff Pilate or any other Roman governor of Judea sent to Rome about anything |
| Pagan source that verifies Christ | Cornelius Tacitus- “Roman Annals” talk about “Christians” -got name from Christ, who was executed by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilate in the reign of Tiberius |
| Modern secular sources | “Easy for Jewish side to question existence of Jesus, but never did” |
| Why were Christians a target of Roman persecution | Viewed as disloyal subjects of empire- treasonous Thought to be atheists Lifestyle sharp contrast with Roman culture-refused to go to arena/theatres/public baths |
| Emperor Decius | First Empire-wide persecution |
| Emperor Diocletian | The great persecution |
| Emperors Constantine and Licinius | Made religious freedom throughout Roman Empire with edict of Milan |
| Theodius | Made Christianity the state religion of Rome |
| What was one appeal for the spread of Christianity | Equality for slaves/women with free men |
| Apologists | Sought to defend or explain Christianity |
| Polemicists | Attacked heretical ideas |
| One defect of the church fathers | Sacerdotalism— priest was an essential mediator between God and man |
| Council of Nicaea | Held by Constantine and many bishops End of Pilgrim Church era(no longer independent of state) |
| Arius | Jesus is a created being (there was a time when the son was not) |
| Athanasius | Jesus has the same essence as the Father |
| Eusebius | Middle position….Jesus has a similar essence |
| Ambrose | Bishop of Milan— subjected the emperor to church discipline |
| Jerome | Produced Latin translation of Bible (Vulgate) later became the authorized RCC Bible |
| Apocrypha | 14 Books of Septuagint not part of Hebrew Bible -not accepted by Jews or Protestants |
| Augustine | Bishop of Hippo, emphasized calling of the elect Christian Philosophy of History “Whole Tenor Principle” |
| Monasticism | A way of life that emphasizes certain aspects: life-in-community, celibacy, poverty, worship, etc |
| Aceticism | Practicing strict self-denial |
| Benedict of Nursia | Focused on poverty, chastity, and obedience |
| Positive elements of monasticism | Seats of learning(preservation) |
| Negative elements of monasticism | False standards of holiness developed |
Created by:
Gracie Cook
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