2.2 and 2.3 vocab
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| alleles | Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at the same place on a chromosome, for example, the genes responsible for blood type that are found on chromosome 9.
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| autosomes | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex (such as chromosomes 1–22), as opposed to the sex chromosomes X and Y.
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| benign | A tumor that is not cancerous; benign tumors are generally considered harmless.
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| centromere | The centralized region joining two sister chromatids.
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| chromatid | One half of a chromosome.
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| chromosome | Tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells.
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| deletion mutation | One DNA base is deleted from a gene sequence
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| DNA | A nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (GCAT). DNA is double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
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| dominant allele | A genetic trait is considered dominant if the associated phenotype is seen in an individual who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait.
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| eukaryotic | Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles.
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| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | An autosomal, dominant genetic disorder that disrupts the body's ability to eliminate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the blood, resulting in an increased risk of heart attack.
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| frameshift mutation | a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.
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| gene | A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype.
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| genome | A complete set of the genes in one organism.
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| genotype | All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group.
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| gestational diabetes | A form of high blood sugar affecting pregnant women.
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| heterozygous | Having two different alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes.
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| homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, having similar gene composition, size, and structure.
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| homozygous | Having two identical alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes.
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| insertion mutation | One DNA base is inserted into a gene sequence
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| karyotype | A image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures of the soft tissues of the body.
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| malignant | A cancerous tumor which will grow and spread to invade other tissues or parts of the body.
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| meiosis | The cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced by half; also involves a reduction division, in which one of each pair of paired chromosomes passes to each daughter cell.
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| messenger RNA (mRNA) | A type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins.
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| metastasis | The spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body.
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| mitosis | A process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell. Mitosis involves the doubling and separation of genetic material and results in the formation of two new nuclei, which each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
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| mutation | A rare change in genetic material, which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species.
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| Nondisjunction | An accident during mitosis or meiosis, in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly.
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| nucleotides | A building block of DNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
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| pedigree | A diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes through several generations of genetically related individuals. Symbols are used to represent each individual.
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| phenotype | The physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by the organism’s genetic makeup.
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| plan of care | Outline of nursing care showing all of the patient's needs and the ways of meeting them.
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| point mutation | a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.
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| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in-vitro. Uses a thermocycler, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.
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| prognosis | The likely course a disease will take over an individual’s lifetime.
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| protein | A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein’s form and function are determined by a cell’s nucleic acid sequence.
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| protein synthesis | The creation of a protein from a DNA template.
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| punnett square | A simple, graphical way to discover all potential combinations of an offspring’s genotypes, given the parents’ genotypes.
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| recessive allele | A trait that is evident only when an organism inherits two copies of a recessive allele for a specific gene.
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| restriction enzyme | A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites. Also known as a restriction endonuclease.
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (G, C, A) and uracil (U). RNA is usually single stranded and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
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| sex chromosomes | One of the pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual. The sex chromosomes are X and Y.
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| silent mutation | Mutations that occur when the change of a single DNA nucleotide within a protein-coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the gene's protein.
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| ultrasound imaging | Using high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body.
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