Exam 2- Jensen TMU
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| The Fundamentals (series of articles) begins publication (Later Biola) | 1910
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| World War One (august 1914- November1918) | 1914-1918
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| Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin | 1917
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| US forces arrive (in earnest, during the spring of 1918) to fight WWI | 1918
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| Armistice signed on November 11th, ending WWI hostilities | 1918
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| Czar Nicholas II | last emperor of Russia, later imprisoned and then murdered
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| Easter Rising | armed insurrection in Dublin against British rule
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| The Fundamentals | reasserted the authority of the Bible
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| Woodrow Wilson | "Fourteen points"
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| German /British rivalry as cause for WWI | Germany embarked on a great naval building program, Britain was troubled
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| Germany became too strong | European balance of power was upset
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| France as the cause for WWI | France wanted revenge and the return of Alsace-Lorraine
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| Austria as the cause for WWI | Conflict between Austria and the kingdom of Serbia- both nations despised eachother
(Austria aka Austria-Hungary"The Dual Monarchy" are used interchangeably)
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| German treaty with Russia | allowed to lapse after Bismarck's departure
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| The ingredients for war between Austria and Serbia (which could draw in Germany and Russia) were present | Austria-Hungary humiliates Serbia twice, and Russia shared in these humiliations for it failed to aid its small slavic friend
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| Immediate cause of WWI | Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated, His driver took a wrong turn which put him near Gavrillo Princip (a pan-Slav fanatic), Princip took out a pistol and shot Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
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| Germany and Austria | Austria had received a "blank check" communication from Germany
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| Belgium | Germany invaded neutral Belgium to attack France
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| The Schlieffen plan | called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly-then Germany would turn its full attention to Russia
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| Triple Entente (later the allies) | Russia, France, Britain
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| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary (Austria), Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
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| WWI was total war | the entire society is mobilized for the war effort
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| trench warfare | it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial "Western Front" in France
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| GB's blockade | hindered the Central Powers
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| British recruiting motto | "sign up with your pals"
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| First battle at Marne | setting the pattern for trench warfare; retreating Germans dug trenches
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| Lusitania Sunk | ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY, was hit by a torpedo and sank off the Irish coast
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| Battle of the Somme River | bloodiest day in British History
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| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) | Germany pursues a bold policy, the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for Us intervention
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| Zimmerman note | proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany, it is published in the US newspapers and inflames the public opinion
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| Bolshevik revolution | Vladimir Lenin and the Communists take power in Russia
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| Wilson's 14-point Address | Wilson enunciates US war aims in his 14-point address
key principle: "self-determination"
1 specific goal: a League of Nations
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| Communist Russia | signs their own treaty with Germany
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| Kaiserschlcht (emperor's battle) | General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in France
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| Ludendorff's advice | told the Kaiser that peace negotiations should be opened before the situation got worse
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| Meuse Argonne | US troops engaged
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| Armistice | at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month WWI ends
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| Stab in the back legend | traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops
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| Wilson's Tumultuous Reception | he made serious errors, failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation, neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans)
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| Paris peace talks | the victorious powers met at the palace in Versailles, Wilson's idealism was not shared by the others
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| Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany | until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued
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| US -Treaty of Berlin-war is formally concluded with Germany | US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles- the US never joins the League of Nations
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| Armenian Genocide | Turkish Government ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/Mesopotamia (exile) in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police
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| Russian Civil War, eventually won by the communists | 1918-1921
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| Soviet Union begins (Russian, Ukranian, Belorussian, Transcaucasian Republics) | 1922
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| Joseph Stalin assumes power in Russia (USSR) | by 1928
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| The Great Depression (fyi: the end date can be a matter of debate) | 1929-1939
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| The Long March establishes Mao as leader of the Chinese Communist Party | 1934-1935
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| Kremlin | citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government
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| Long march | c. 6000 mile trek of Chinese Communists
Mao Tse-Tung and c. 8000 survivors arrived in Northern China
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| Mandate | form of international Trusteeship devise by the League of Nations
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| Wilson's objective for the post-war world | self-determination
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| Soviet | began as a workers and/or soldiers' council
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| Vatican City | an independent state
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| Versailles Settlement | the treaty of Versailles
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| The League of Nations | replaced by the UN after WWII, league proved powerless
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| four empires essentially crumbled after WWI | Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
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| Versailles' ramifications for Germany (Geographical) | territory in east given to Poland-Polish corridor
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| Versailles' ramifications for Germany (military) | the Rhineland (border of Germany and France) was demilitarized as a buffer against further aggression
Germany deemed responsible for reparations (compensation)
"scrap of paper mentality"
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| worldwide influenza pandemic | (spanish flu pandemic) -epidemic over a large area
c. 25 Million or maybe 40 million died
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| mandate in Middle East | the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine
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| Mohandas Ghandi | opposed British rule in India
led the Salt March in 1930
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| Chinese Communists survive | Mao Tse-Tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the North
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| effects of the Great Depression | devastating for Latin America
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| Russia | has about 1/6th of the world's land surface, an adverse climate, a diverse population
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| Duma (parliament) | little power, Czar could dismiss it
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| Bolsheviks (majority) | followers of Vladimir Lenin, confirmed atheists, changed their name to Communist
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| Vladimir Lenin's comrades | Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin
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| stikes/riots in Petrograd | hardships and losses during WWI led to a widespread discontent
Czar Nicholas abdicated
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| Lenin allowed to return to Russia | German govt. allowed transport of Lenin from Switzerland to Petrograd
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| simplified Bolshevik ideology | calling for "peace, land, bread"
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| Petrograd soviet | Trotsky convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup
soviets declared Lenin to be the head of government, but all power was to be held by the soviets
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| red army | created under Trotsky's leadership
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| Russian Civil War (RCW) | "reds" vs. Non-communist "whites"
Czar Nicholas and his family were murdered
Trotsky's red army won
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| war communism (RCW) | the state limited private ownership
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| new economic policy (NEP) out of (RCW) | government had control of finance, industry, and transportation
allowed the remainder of the economic system to return to private enterprise
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| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established | (aka USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union)
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| Joseph Stalin (man of steel) | undisputed leader of the Soviet Union; Soviet propaganda would create a "cult of Stalin" that approached deification
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| five-year plans | Stalin began a series of Five-Year Plans for industry development (industrialization)
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| Kulaks | well to-do peasants (under Stalin)
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| Stalin's dealing with issues | was paranoid about threats.... purged many party members
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| Soviets and Hitler | Soviets signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler
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| "on margin" | you paid a percentage of the stock's value up front and finance the rest
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| the Market Crash | "Black Tuesday" panic selling widespread
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| Bull | upward market
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| Bear | downward market
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| cause of depression | (the crash alone didn't cause the depression)
lack of industrial diversification
an overexpansion of credit
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| results of Great Depression | manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices (consumer spending: engine of the US economy)
banks failed-5k closed on the first 3 years of the depression
American farmers were hurt significantly by foreclosure and drought
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| FDR and the New Deal | FDR pledged a "New Deal" for the American people
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| FDR wins a landslide victory | the Democrats control both houses of Congress
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| The New Deal | umbrella term for a wide range of programs to offer relief and stimulate the economy
a bold experimentation, heavy federal government intervention
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| Bank Holiday | FDR announces a bank closure
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| Fireside chats | FDR would use radio
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| "hundred days" | FDR summons Congress into special session
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| Hitler's rearmament | hitler had a work-creation/rearmament project that largely eradicated German unemployment by 1936
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| effect of the Great Depression of Japan | strengthened militarist groups
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| the New Deal results | introduced some much needed reform and did somewhat stabilize the economy, failed to cure the depression
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| cure for the Great Depression | heavy defense related spending connected to WWII
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| Hitler becomes Chancellor; the third Reich in Germany | 1933
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| Japanese "Rape of Nanking" (China) begins-thousands murdered | 1937
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| kristallnacht (Chrystal night)- The night of broken glass-persecution | 1938
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| World War II | September 1st 1939- September 2nd 1945
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| Battle of Britain (the Blitz) | September 1940- May 1941
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| June 22nd- Germany invades the Soviet Union (aka Operation Barbarossa) | 1941
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| Dec. 7th- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; Germany later declares war on the US | 1941
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| Jan. -Wannsee Conference plans "final solution' to the "Jewish question" | 1942
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| June 6- D-Day, the Allied invasion of Normandy (France) | 1944
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| August- Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacked with Atomic Weapons | 1945
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| Lebensborn | permitted and encouraged relations of suitable girls with SS men for stock rearing (Aryan-breeding program)
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| SS | elite corps of the Nazis
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| The Final Solution | the Nazi plan, under the direction of Himmler, for the elimination of European Jews
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| Charles de Gaulle | French general during WWII, organized the Free French movement
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| Heinrich Himmler | Nazi Leader who oversaw the program systematic genocide
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| Joseph Goebbels | nazi leader and politician who became Hitler's minister of propaganda
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| Winston Churchill | part of his contribution to victory was to maintain British morale after victory in the war, he was defeated in the general election
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| Totalitarianism | applied both to fascist and communist government
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| Facism | ultra-nationalistic and anti-communist ideology
the state runs the economy
under facism private property is not abolished- the state does not own all property
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| Adolf Hitler's Background | born in Austria, rejected by the Vienna Academy of the Arts
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| Nazi Outlook | Germans were entitled to conquer/subjugate other races (Aryan Superior)
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| NSDAP (Hitler becomes leader) | National Socialist German Workers' Party
commonly called: Nazi
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| first Facist State | Mussolini made Italy the first Fascist state
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| Hitler attempts to seize power | with others in support (Ludendorff, Rohm, etc.) Hitler leads the Beer Hall Putsch (coup) in Munich
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| Hitler dictates his worldview | Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
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| Hitler appointed Chancellor | President Paul von Hindenburg (WWI fame) appointed Hitler as Chancellor
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| Enabling act | the act permitted the Chancellor to enact Legislation (laws) independently of the Reichstag (Hitler is thus dictator)
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| The Night of the Long Knives | Hitler wanted to garner support from the army
Hitler called for a meeting of the SA leadership-would move against them
SS rounded up high ranking SA officials
many SA leaders and others were executed
-Hitler purges the SA
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| SA | storm-troopers: paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party
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| SS | guards detachment: personal guards to Hitler
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| The Rhineland | Germany occupies and re-militarizes; French troops did nothing
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| Max Schmeling (DT) vs. Joe Louis (USA) | Joe loses for the first time in the 12th round at Yankee Stadium
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| Spanish Civil War | "dress rehearsal" for further conflict
Soviet Union supports the loyalist Spanish regime
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| Rape of Nanjing | Japanese troops run wild among civilians
many civilians murdered/ women raped in Nanking, China
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| Germany annexes Austria | the Anschluss- Austria "reunited" with Germany
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| Munich conference | asking for appeasement "peace in our time"
GB and FR sign the Munich Pact
Hitler promises the Sudetenland would be the "last territorial claim I have to make in Europe"
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| Kristallnacht | "the Night of broken glass"- Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property
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| Nazi-Soviet pact | Germany and the USSR pledge a non-aggression pact against one another
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| Germany attacks Poland | Germany launches the Blitzkrieg (lightning war) at dawn
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| the Einstein letter | FDR relieves the Einstein letter which outlines atomic threat
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| the Manhattan project | a top secret atomic program (many refugee scientists assist America with its atomic weapons preparations program)
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| the Phony war (sitzkrieg) | Germany pauses; they relocate from their victorious eastern position to the western area
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| Germany attacks France | Germany cuts through the "impenetrable" Ardennes Forest
out-flanked the FR Maginot defense line
Italy declares war on FR and invades from the south
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| Miracle of Dunkirk | evacuation of BR/FR troops pinned down in France
Germany had a" Panzer pause"
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| The Battle of Britain | RAF bombed germany late Aug
German offensive was diverted to BR cities
had the Luftwaffe not shifted to city bombing, the RAF may have lost
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| RAF | Royal Air Force
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| Lend lease Act | explained by FDR's garden hose metaphor
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| operation Barbarossa | Germany invades the Soviet Union/ Russia
largest military operation in human history
German forces stop 20 miles from Moscow
following German troop invasions were the mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen -SS commando units)
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| Russian Campaign- Russians/Soviets win 3 major battles | Leningrad-Moscow-Stalingrad
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| siege of Leningrad | Leningrad's civilians starve
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| Japan attacks Pearl Harbor | Japan pulls off a surprise attack using carrier-bourne aircraft (carrier radio silence)
Germany declares war on the US
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| US strategy after Pearl Harbor | finish Germany first, maintain/hold off Japan
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| Bataan death March | US surrenders the Philippine Islands
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| Battle of midway | middle of the pacific
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| D-Day | the invasion of Normandy (France)
the allies, under General Eisenhower, launch Operation Overlord
(Atlantic wall, Rupert, Higgins Boat, Sleeping Hitler)
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| Battle of the bulge | last-gasp surprise German offensive
101st Airborne encircled at Bastogne
using armored support, General Patton's forces liberated (rescued/relieved) the 101st
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| Fire-bombing of Tokyo | US B-29 bombers using napalm (incendiary jelly) and other incendiaries
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| Battle of Okinawa | kamikaze attacks
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| Manhattan Project test | spearheaded by J. Robert Oppenheimer
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| Hiroshima hit with Atomic Bomb | explodes slightly above the city center
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| The holocaust definition | systematic state sponsored extermination of "undesirables" by the Nazis and collaborators
-in total, c. 6 million jews and c. 6 million others (figures estimated /vary by source) became victims
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| Unterrmenschen (sub-human) | Nazi racial ideology characterized Jews (and others; Poles, Slavs, etc) as sub-human
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| Nazi policy transition | moved from persecution, to ghettoization, to liquidation, to factory-like annihilation
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| Liquidation | Einsatzgruppen (SS) estimated to have killed over 1 Million people
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| Annihilation | Reinhard Heydrich convened the Wannsee conference to organize the "final solution to the Jewish question"
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| Warsaw Ghetto uprising | jews mounted a resistance
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| Auschwitz-Birkenau | extermination camps in Poland
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| Witness | to prevent the actions from being labeled as Allied propaganda (and later "Holocaust denial") General Eisenhower wanted German civilians, military personnel, journalists, etc to pass through the camps
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