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The Fundamentals (series of articles) begins publication (Later Biola)
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World War One (august 1914- November1918)
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World History 2
Exam 2- Jensen TMU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Fundamentals (series of articles) begins publication (Later Biola) | 1910 |
| World War One (august 1914- November1918) | 1914-1918 |
| Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin | 1917 |
| US forces arrive (in earnest, during the spring of 1918) to fight WWI | 1918 |
| Armistice signed on November 11th, ending WWI hostilities | 1918 |
| Czar Nicholas II | last emperor of Russia, later imprisoned and then murdered |
| Easter Rising | armed insurrection in Dublin against British rule |
| The Fundamentals | reasserted the authority of the Bible |
| Woodrow Wilson | "Fourteen points" |
| German /British rivalry as cause for WWI | Germany embarked on a great naval building program, Britain was troubled |
| Germany became too strong | European balance of power was upset |
| France as the cause for WWI | France wanted revenge and the return of Alsace-Lorraine |
| Austria as the cause for WWI | Conflict between Austria and the kingdom of Serbia- both nations despised eachother (Austria aka Austria-Hungary"The Dual Monarchy" are used interchangeably) |
| German treaty with Russia | allowed to lapse after Bismarck's departure |
| The ingredients for war between Austria and Serbia (which could draw in Germany and Russia) were present | Austria-Hungary humiliates Serbia twice, and Russia shared in these humiliations for it failed to aid its small slavic friend |
| Immediate cause of WWI | Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated, His driver took a wrong turn which put him near Gavrillo Princip (a pan-Slav fanatic), Princip took out a pistol and shot Ferdinand and his wife Sophie |
| Germany and Austria | Austria had received a "blank check" communication from Germany |
| Belgium | Germany invaded neutral Belgium to attack France |
| The Schlieffen plan | called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly-then Germany would turn its full attention to Russia |
| Triple Entente (later the allies) | Russia, France, Britain |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary (Austria), Turkey (Ottoman Empire) |
| WWI was total war | the entire society is mobilized for the war effort |
| trench warfare | it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial "Western Front" in France |
| GB's blockade | hindered the Central Powers |
| British recruiting motto | "sign up with your pals" |
| First battle at Marne | setting the pattern for trench warfare; retreating Germans dug trenches |
| Lusitania Sunk | ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY, was hit by a torpedo and sank off the Irish coast |
| Battle of the Somme River | bloodiest day in British History |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) | Germany pursues a bold policy, the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for Us intervention |
| Zimmerman note | proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany, it is published in the US newspapers and inflames the public opinion |
| Bolshevik revolution | Vladimir Lenin and the Communists take power in Russia |
| Wilson's 14-point Address | Wilson enunciates US war aims in his 14-point address key principle: "self-determination" 1 specific goal: a League of Nations |
| Communist Russia | signs their own treaty with Germany |
| Kaiserschlcht (emperor's battle) | General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in France |
| Ludendorff's advice | told the Kaiser that peace negotiations should be opened before the situation got worse |
| Meuse Argonne | US troops engaged |
| Armistice | at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month WWI ends |
| Stab in the back legend | traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops |
| Wilson's Tumultuous Reception | he made serious errors, failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation, neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans) |
| Paris peace talks | the victorious powers met at the palace in Versailles, Wilson's idealism was not shared by the others |
| Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany | until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued |
| US -Treaty of Berlin-war is formally concluded with Germany | US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles- the US never joins the League of Nations |
| Armenian Genocide | Turkish Government ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/Mesopotamia (exile) in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police |
| Russian Civil War, eventually won by the communists | 1918-1921 |
| Soviet Union begins (Russian, Ukranian, Belorussian, Transcaucasian Republics) | 1922 |
| Joseph Stalin assumes power in Russia (USSR) | by 1928 |
| The Great Depression (fyi: the end date can be a matter of debate) | 1929-1939 |
| The Long March establishes Mao as leader of the Chinese Communist Party | 1934-1935 |
| Kremlin | citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government |
| Long march | c. 6000 mile trek of Chinese Communists Mao Tse-Tung and c. 8000 survivors arrived in Northern China |
| Mandate | form of international Trusteeship devise by the League of Nations |
| Wilson's objective for the post-war world | self-determination |
| Soviet | began as a workers and/or soldiers' council |
| Vatican City | an independent state |
| Versailles Settlement | the treaty of Versailles |
| The League of Nations | replaced by the UN after WWII, league proved powerless |
| four empires essentially crumbled after WWI | Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire |
| Versailles' ramifications for Germany (Geographical) | territory in east given to Poland-Polish corridor |
| Versailles' ramifications for Germany (military) | the Rhineland (border of Germany and France) was demilitarized as a buffer against further aggression Germany deemed responsible for reparations (compensation) "scrap of paper mentality" |
| worldwide influenza pandemic | (spanish flu pandemic) -epidemic over a large area c. 25 Million or maybe 40 million died |
| mandate in Middle East | the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine |
| Mohandas Ghandi | opposed British rule in India led the Salt March in 1930 |
| Chinese Communists survive | Mao Tse-Tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the North |
| effects of the Great Depression | devastating for Latin America |
| Russia | has about 1/6th of the world's land surface, an adverse climate, a diverse population |
| Duma (parliament) | little power, Czar could dismiss it |
| Bolsheviks (majority) | followers of Vladimir Lenin, confirmed atheists, changed their name to Communist |
| Vladimir Lenin's comrades | Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin |
| stikes/riots in Petrograd | hardships and losses during WWI led to a widespread discontent Czar Nicholas abdicated |
| Lenin allowed to return to Russia | German govt. allowed transport of Lenin from Switzerland to Petrograd |
| simplified Bolshevik ideology | calling for "peace, land, bread" |
| Petrograd soviet | Trotsky convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup soviets declared Lenin to be the head of government, but all power was to be held by the soviets |
| red army | created under Trotsky's leadership |
| Russian Civil War (RCW) | "reds" vs. Non-communist "whites" Czar Nicholas and his family were murdered Trotsky's red army won |
| war communism (RCW) | the state limited private ownership |
| new economic policy (NEP) out of (RCW) | government had control of finance, industry, and transportation allowed the remainder of the economic system to return to private enterprise |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established | (aka USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union) |
| Joseph Stalin (man of steel) | undisputed leader of the Soviet Union; Soviet propaganda would create a "cult of Stalin" that approached deification |
| five-year plans | Stalin began a series of Five-Year Plans for industry development (industrialization) |
| Kulaks | well to-do peasants (under Stalin) |
| Stalin's dealing with issues | was paranoid about threats.... purged many party members |
| Soviets and Hitler | Soviets signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler |
| "on margin" | you paid a percentage of the stock's value up front and finance the rest |
| the Market Crash | "Black Tuesday" panic selling widespread |
| Bull | upward market |
| Bear | downward market |
| cause of depression | (the crash alone didn't cause the depression) lack of industrial diversification an overexpansion of credit |
| results of Great Depression | manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices (consumer spending: engine of the US economy) banks failed-5k closed on the first 3 years of the depression American farmers were hurt significantly by foreclosure and drought |
| FDR and the New Deal | FDR pledged a "New Deal" for the American people |
| FDR wins a landslide victory | the Democrats control both houses of Congress |
| The New Deal | umbrella term for a wide range of programs to offer relief and stimulate the economy a bold experimentation, heavy federal government intervention |
| Bank Holiday | FDR announces a bank closure |
| Fireside chats | FDR would use radio |
| "hundred days" | FDR summons Congress into special session |
| Hitler's rearmament | hitler had a work-creation/rearmament project that largely eradicated German unemployment by 1936 |
| effect of the Great Depression of Japan | strengthened militarist groups |
| the New Deal results | introduced some much needed reform and did somewhat stabilize the economy, failed to cure the depression |
| cure for the Great Depression | heavy defense related spending connected to WWII |
| Hitler becomes Chancellor; the third Reich in Germany | 1933 |
| Japanese "Rape of Nanking" (China) begins-thousands murdered | 1937 |
| kristallnacht (Chrystal night)- The night of broken glass-persecution | 1938 |
| World War II | September 1st 1939- September 2nd 1945 |
| Battle of Britain (the Blitz) | September 1940- May 1941 |
| June 22nd- Germany invades the Soviet Union (aka Operation Barbarossa) | 1941 |
| Dec. 7th- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; Germany later declares war on the US | 1941 |
| Jan. -Wannsee Conference plans "final solution' to the "Jewish question" | 1942 |
| June 6- D-Day, the Allied invasion of Normandy (France) | 1944 |
| August- Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacked with Atomic Weapons | 1945 |
| Lebensborn | permitted and encouraged relations of suitable girls with SS men for stock rearing (Aryan-breeding program) |
| SS | elite corps of the Nazis |
| The Final Solution | the Nazi plan, under the direction of Himmler, for the elimination of European Jews |
| Charles de Gaulle | French general during WWII, organized the Free French movement |
| Heinrich Himmler | Nazi Leader who oversaw the program systematic genocide |
| Joseph Goebbels | nazi leader and politician who became Hitler's minister of propaganda |
| Winston Churchill | part of his contribution to victory was to maintain British morale after victory in the war, he was defeated in the general election |
| Totalitarianism | applied both to fascist and communist government |
| Facism | ultra-nationalistic and anti-communist ideology the state runs the economy under facism private property is not abolished- the state does not own all property |
| Adolf Hitler's Background | born in Austria, rejected by the Vienna Academy of the Arts |
| Nazi Outlook | Germans were entitled to conquer/subjugate other races (Aryan Superior) |
| NSDAP (Hitler becomes leader) | National Socialist German Workers' Party commonly called: Nazi |
| first Facist State | Mussolini made Italy the first Fascist state |
| Hitler attempts to seize power | with others in support (Ludendorff, Rohm, etc.) Hitler leads the Beer Hall Putsch (coup) in Munich |
| Hitler dictates his worldview | Mein Kampf (My Struggle) |
| Hitler appointed Chancellor | President Paul von Hindenburg (WWI fame) appointed Hitler as Chancellor |
| Enabling act | the act permitted the Chancellor to enact Legislation (laws) independently of the Reichstag (Hitler is thus dictator) |
| The Night of the Long Knives | Hitler wanted to garner support from the army Hitler called for a meeting of the SA leadership-would move against them SS rounded up high ranking SA officials many SA leaders and others were executed -Hitler purges the SA |
| SA | storm-troopers: paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party |
| SS | guards detachment: personal guards to Hitler |
| The Rhineland | Germany occupies and re-militarizes; French troops did nothing |
| Max Schmeling (DT) vs. Joe Louis (USA) | Joe loses for the first time in the 12th round at Yankee Stadium |
| Spanish Civil War | "dress rehearsal" for further conflict Soviet Union supports the loyalist Spanish regime |
| Rape of Nanjing | Japanese troops run wild among civilians many civilians murdered/ women raped in Nanking, China |
| Germany annexes Austria | the Anschluss- Austria "reunited" with Germany |
| Munich conference | asking for appeasement "peace in our time" GB and FR sign the Munich Pact Hitler promises the Sudetenland would be the "last territorial claim I have to make in Europe" |
| Kristallnacht | "the Night of broken glass"- Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property |
| Nazi-Soviet pact | Germany and the USSR pledge a non-aggression pact against one another |
| Germany attacks Poland | Germany launches the Blitzkrieg (lightning war) at dawn |
| the Einstein letter | FDR relieves the Einstein letter which outlines atomic threat |
| the Manhattan project | a top secret atomic program (many refugee scientists assist America with its atomic weapons preparations program) |
| the Phony war (sitzkrieg) | Germany pauses; they relocate from their victorious eastern position to the western area |
| Germany attacks France | Germany cuts through the "impenetrable" Ardennes Forest out-flanked the FR Maginot defense line Italy declares war on FR and invades from the south |
| Miracle of Dunkirk | evacuation of BR/FR troops pinned down in France Germany had a" Panzer pause" |
| The Battle of Britain | RAF bombed germany late Aug German offensive was diverted to BR cities had the Luftwaffe not shifted to city bombing, the RAF may have lost |
| RAF | Royal Air Force |
| Lend lease Act | explained by FDR's garden hose metaphor |
| operation Barbarossa | Germany invades the Soviet Union/ Russia largest military operation in human history German forces stop 20 miles from Moscow following German troop invasions were the mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen -SS commando units) |
| Russian Campaign- Russians/Soviets win 3 major battles | Leningrad-Moscow-Stalingrad |
| siege of Leningrad | Leningrad's civilians starve |
| Japan attacks Pearl Harbor | Japan pulls off a surprise attack using carrier-bourne aircraft (carrier radio silence) Germany declares war on the US |
| US strategy after Pearl Harbor | finish Germany first, maintain/hold off Japan |
| Bataan death March | US surrenders the Philippine Islands |
| Battle of midway | middle of the pacific |
| D-Day | the invasion of Normandy (France) the allies, under General Eisenhower, launch Operation Overlord (Atlantic wall, Rupert, Higgins Boat, Sleeping Hitler) |
| Battle of the bulge | last-gasp surprise German offensive 101st Airborne encircled at Bastogne using armored support, General Patton's forces liberated (rescued/relieved) the 101st |
| Fire-bombing of Tokyo | US B-29 bombers using napalm (incendiary jelly) and other incendiaries |
| Battle of Okinawa | kamikaze attacks |
| Manhattan Project test | spearheaded by J. Robert Oppenheimer |
| Hiroshima hit with Atomic Bomb | explodes slightly above the city center |
| The holocaust definition | systematic state sponsored extermination of "undesirables" by the Nazis and collaborators -in total, c. 6 million jews and c. 6 million others (figures estimated /vary by source) became victims |
| Unterrmenschen (sub-human) | Nazi racial ideology characterized Jews (and others; Poles, Slavs, etc) as sub-human |
| Nazi policy transition | moved from persecution, to ghettoization, to liquidation, to factory-like annihilation |
| Liquidation | Einsatzgruppen (SS) estimated to have killed over 1 Million people |
| Annihilation | Reinhard Heydrich convened the Wannsee conference to organize the "final solution to the Jewish question" |
| Warsaw Ghetto uprising | jews mounted a resistance |
| Auschwitz-Birkenau | extermination camps in Poland |
| Witness | to prevent the actions from being labeled as Allied propaganda (and later "Holocaust denial") General Eisenhower wanted German civilians, military personnel, journalists, etc to pass through the camps |
Created by:
Gracie Cook
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