Microbiology: genetics
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| Genetics | The study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed by an organisms genetic material (rna to be used for dfferent functions) (mrna is only rna encoded) |
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| Genome | The entire genetic component of an organism including its nucleotides. |
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| Nucleic acid | polymers made of nucleotides (either for DNA or RNA) |
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| What are nucleotides made of? | pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) |
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| What are the 5 nitrogenous bases? | For DNA it's adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine. For RNA it's adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil. |
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| which of the nitrogenous bases can be complementary to each other? | A--T, G---C for DNA, and A--U for rna |
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| What is located at the 2' carbon of deoxyribose? What is located at the 2' carbon of ribose | H at the 2' Ca of deoxyribose and OH of ribose |
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| What structure does DNA have | DNA is a double stranded, double helical structure that is antiparallel, and is held together by hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs |
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| What is the function of DNA? | contains the genetic material that will be used be transcribed into RNA in regions called *** |
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| Genes | section that contain genetic material for an organism |
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| What allows RNA to have many functions? | single stranded composed of nucleotides. Structure can vary on the type of protein and shape dictatres. |
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| What are the 5 main types of RNA? What are their basic shape and function? | Coding rna (mrna) linear, tRNA carry amino acid and contain anticodon, rRNA form ribosome complex, spliceosome splice introns from pre-mrna, and regulatory RNA (help regulate gene expression |
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| What rna are coding RNA? | mRNA |
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| What RNA is involved in protein synthesis? | tRNA and rRNA |
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| Antisense RNA (asRNA) | can bind to mRNA and prevent them from being translated |
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| Splicesome RNA? | snRNA used in eukaryote pre-mRNA |
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| Regulatory RNA types | Antisense RNA (blocks translation) micro RNA (miRNA) regulates translation, and small interfering RNA (silences gene expression) |
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| What are the three types of RNA directly involved in the process of translation for all cells | tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA |
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| What type of chromosome do bacterial cells have? single or multiple? haploid or diploid? location? plasmid present? | single circular DNA chromosome, haploid, located in the nucleoid, plasmids in the cytosol. |
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| What type of chromosome do eukaryote cells have? single or multiple? haploid or diploid? location? plasmid present? | linear, multiple, diploid, located in the nucleus, plasmid found in the mitochondria |
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| what are the four types of bacteria plasmids? | fertility factors, resistance factors, bacteriocin factors, virulence plasmids |
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| Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) | helps with splicing of eukaryotic mRNA during processing |
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| Micro RNA (miRNA) and Small interfering RNA (siRNA) | can bind to mRNA molecules to prevent them from being translated by recruiting enzymes that hydrolyze them |
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| Bacterial plasmid | small molecules of dna that replicate independently, not essential, four types of plasmids |
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| eukaryotic plasmids | found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, similar to prokaryote chromosome, code for 5% of RNA and proteins, some fungi, algae, and protozoa |
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| Do bacteria cells have histones? | no |
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| do eukaryotes have histones | yes, located in nuclear chromosomes only |
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| fertility factors | genes that are responsible for conjugation pili |
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| resistance factors | genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistence factors |
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| bacteriocin factors | protein secreted that are toxic to other bacteria, is competitive w/other bacteria |
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| Virulence plasmids | genes that produce genes that are toxic to humans, or toxic to tissues |
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