Political Patterns and Processes
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| Political geography | A branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political systems
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| Political map | A map that shows the spatial organization of the countries and territories on the entire globe at a given point in time
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| State/Country | An independent political unit with a centralized authority that makes claim to sole legal, political, and economic jurisdiction over a region with defined boundaries
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| Independent state | A state that rules itself and is not subject to the authority of another state
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| Sovereign state | A state that possesses the sole authority over the land and people within its boundaries
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| Nation | A community of people bound to a homeland and possessing a common identity based on shared cultural traits such as language, ethnicity, and religion
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| Nation-state | The ideal political geographical unit; one in which the nation's geographic boundaries (a people and its culture) exactly match the state's territorial boundaries (governance and authority)
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| Nation-state ideal | The idea that political authorities govern in the name of all a country's citizens, modern mass communications link all residents, and state-based citizenship rights reinforce the idea of a national identity
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| Nationalism | Sense of belonging to and self-identifying with a national culture; people with a strong sense of nationalism derive a significant part of their social identity from a sense of belonging to a nation
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| Stateless nation | An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation-state
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| Multinational state | A country containing multiple national, ethnic, and religious within its boundaries
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| Multistate nations | Ethnic groups territorially divided by one or more international boundaries
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| Autonomous region | A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has a degree of self-government, or autonomy, in its decision making
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| Semiautonomous region | A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has some degree of, but not complete, self-government
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| Self-determination | A nation's ability to determine its own statehood and form its own allegiances and government; the freedom of culturally distinct groups to govern themselves in their own territories and form their own states
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| Core area | A small territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and over time
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| Escarpments | Abrupt slopes that break up the general continuity of the terrain
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| Effective sovereignty | The idea that a state's power to enforce its sovereignty may extend beyond its territory and varies over time and from coutnry-to-country
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| Devolution | The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
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| Ethnonationalism | A form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms of ethnic identity
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| Neocolonialism | The set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over less wealthy areas
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| Peripheral states | States that have relatively little industrial development, simple production systems focused mostly on agriculture and raw materials, and low levels of consumption of manufactured goods
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| Core states | States that have the most advanced industrial and military technologies, complex manufacturing systems, external political power, and the highest levels of wealth and mass consumption
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| Shatterbelt | Region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces
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| Choke point | A narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region
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| Strait | A narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water
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| Boundary | A clearly demarcated line that marks both the limits of a territory and divisions between territories; often called a border at the global scale
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| Median line principle | An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two places
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| Borderland | A region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees
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| Frontier | A region at the margins of state control and settlement
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| Enclave | A territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it
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| Exclave | Part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs
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| Delimited | Describing how boundaries are fixed or defined to identify their limits
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| Demarcated | Describing how boundaries are set apart to distinguish their limits
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| Relic boundary | A boundary that no longer functions as an international border
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| Superimposed boundary | A boundary that is placed on a area without regard to existing boundaries
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| Subsequent boundary | A political boundary that developed with the cultural landscape
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| Antecedent boundary | A boundary that was identified before an area was settled
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| Geometric boundary | A boundary that has regular, often perfectly straight, lines drawn without regard for an area's physical or cultural features
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| Consequent boundary | A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences
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| Demilitarized zone (DMZ) | An area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers, or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel; usually lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers of alliances
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| Buffer state | A politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of two powers
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| Satellite state | A nominally independent country that is politically, militarily, and economically controlled by a more powerful state
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| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | Conference organized to define territorial boundaries and rights to the sea
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| Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) | Zone that extends 200 nautical miles from shoreline in which coastal states have the sole right to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all water resources lying beyond the land
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| Arctic Circle | Area defined by the 66 degrees, 34 minutes north latitude line
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| Electoral geography | A subfield of political geography that analyzes the geography of political preferences and how geography can shape voting outcomes
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| Voting district | A territorial division for casting votes in public elections; generally, only those who live in the voting district are permitted to cast their votes there
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| Electoral College | A body of 538 electors in the United States; a majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president; a state's number of electors equals the number of members in its congressional delegation (one for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for its senators)
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| Reapportionment | The process by which the 435 seats in the US House of Representatives are divided proportionately by population among the 50 states following every US census
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| Redistricting | The process of drawing new boundaries for US congressional districts to reflect the population changes since the previous US census
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| Gerrymandering | The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party, group, or election outcome
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| Packing | Gerrymandering a voting district by concentrating all of the opposition party into one district, thereby creating a large majority of that party in the district while ensuring that it cannot win any election
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| Cracking | Gerrymandering a voting district by dividing opposition votes into many districts, thus diluting the opposition's votes to ensure it does not form a majority in any district
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