barry patho GI final
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| The GI tract is a continuous tube from the *** to the *** | mouth to the anus
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| This substance initiates carbohydrate metabolism in the mouth and stomach | amylase
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| Salivary glands are regulated by homones. true or false | False they are regulated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. beta adrenergic stimulation increases salivationAtropine (anticholinergic)drys the mouth
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| How do we obtain nutrients | ingestion digestion absorption
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| ingestion | chewing and swallowing-mechanical digestion
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| digestion | transform nutrients into very small particles-chemical digestion
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| absorption | goes into circulation via the portal and lymph system from the small intestine (lg intest. just absorbs H2O)
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| Propulsion | swallowing movements of the tongue and pharyngeal constrictors propel the food bolus into the esophagus
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| paristalsis | sequential waves of muscular contractions that travel down the esophagus and are preceded by receptive waves of relaxation(also in stomach small and large intestine)
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| the function of the esophagus | to connect the oral cavity to the gastric cavity
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| peristaltic contractions influenced by neural and hormonal activity | occurs in the stomach retropulsion mixing food w/ digestive juices (chyme)and empyting of food through pyloris (also mechanical)
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| true or false all parts of nutrients receive mechanical digestion | True
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| true or false there is digestion that takes place in the esophogus | False
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| mechanical digestion | mastication(mouth),segmentation(sm intest.), churning(stomach)- contraction and movement inside a cavity either by teeth or muscles-not selective
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| Chemical digestion | reducing the size and or complexity of food molecules using digestive enzymes(stomach and sm intestine)
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| 2nd digestion of carbs and 1st digestion of proteins (location) | Stomach
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| HCL | denaturation of proteins in the stomach
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| pepsin | digests protein peptide bond
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| 3 types of cells in the stomach | mucous, chief, parietal
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| mucous cells | secrete mucous to cover lining of the stomach to protect against own digestive enzymes located close to the opening
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| chief cells(zymogenic) | secret pepsinogen- not active, HCL converts to pepsin
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| parietal cells | produce HCL and intrinsic factor
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| ***is required for absoption of vit B12 needed to form erythrocytes | intrinsic factor
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| decreased vit B12 causes | pernicious anemia
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| **** and **** can interfere w/ absorption of vit B12 and cause anemia | gastritus and peptic ulcers
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| The***allows chyme to empty slowly into the small intestine(duodenum), as not to let too much acid into an alkaline env't too quickly | Pyloric valve
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| Layers of the stomach from outside to inside | Serosa(visceral peritoneum and connective tissue layer), muscularis, submucossa, mucosa
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| Muscularis layer of the stomach outer to inner | longitudnal, circular, oblique
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| mucosa layer of the stomach outer to inner | muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, mucous epithelium
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| gastric glands contained in the mucosa | surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, endocrine cells
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| pyloric gland | secretes the hormone gastrin from G cells
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| Enterochromaffin-like cells | secrete histamine
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| D cells | secrete somatostatin
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| gastric pit | A common duct stomach glands empty into
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| microvilli contain 3 vessels what are they | arterial and venous cappillary and lymph (lacteal)
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| Salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual
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| 2 hhepatic ducts from the liver combine to form | the common hepatic duct
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| common hepatic duct combines with cystic duct from gall bladder to form | the common bile duct
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| the common bile duct and the pacreatic duct combine to form | the hepatopancreatic ampula
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| the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the | Duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
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| The head of the pancreas is located near*** and the tail is near the *** | the duodenum and the spleen
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| parts of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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| The liver produces bile which contains salts necessary for fat absorbtion. It is stored in the | gallbladder
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| The exocrine portion( of the pancreas produces | alkaline fluid that neutralizes chyme, creating a duodenal ph that supports enzymatic action
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| Why is the pancreas known as a dual organ? | It has exocrine(enzymes) and endocrine(insulin) functions
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| enzymes from acini and a network of ducts in the pancreas empty into***which empties into the common bile duct at*** | the pancreatic duct (Wirsung)and ampulla of Vater
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| Icterus(jaundice) | yellow or greenish pigmentation caused by hyperbilirubinemia can be cused by an obstruction of the bile ducts or liver cells.
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| bile leaves the liver by way of the | hepatic duct
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| bile leaves and enters the gall bladder by way of the | cystic duct
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| muscles in the wall of the small intestine | circular and longitudnal
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| ****allows bile to enter the gall bladder from the liver via cystic duct, prevents reflux of duodenal contents, and controls flow into the duodenum | sphincter of odi
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| function of bile | emulsification of fats
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| THe four lobes of the liver | quadrate, caudate, left, and right(largest)
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| T/F the superior portion of the liver is in contact with the diaphragm and the gall bladder is located in the inferior region btwn the Right lobe and the quadrate lobe | True
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| T/F The liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity and it is retroperitoneal | False-it is the largest organ, but it is intra peritoneal
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| Functions of the liver | Vascular- to store and filter bloodMetabolic-concerned with most of the metabolic systems of the bodySecretory-bile formation and secretionExcretory
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| THe location of the liver? | Superior border @ the 4th ICS in the R upper quadrant (hypochondriac region)
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| Seperates the Right and left lobes | Falciform ligament
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| Functional unit of the liver | liver lobule
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| Hepatic triad on the outside of the lobule | Bile duct, Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic artery
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| Each liver lobule is formed of plates of ***which are the functional cells of the liver | hepatocytes
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| The*** are capillaries that receive a mixture of arterial and venous blood from branches of the hepatic art and portal vein | Sinusoids
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| Blood from the sinusoids drains into | the central vein in each lobule
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| venous blood from all the central veins drains into the **** and then into the *** | hepatic vein and IVC
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| bile canaliculli are adjacent to hepatocytes in a lobule, which produce the bile, conduct bile outward while the blood flow is toward the inside T/F | true
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| Kupffer cells | part of the immune system clean and destroy invaders--phagocytic macrophages--no more than 1% of the bacteria entering through the portal system willexit into the hepatic veins
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| The liver stores a blood volume of *** or **% of the body's total blood volume | 450ml or 10%
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| Every minute ** liter of blood flows sfrom the portal vein into the liver sinusoids and ***ml from the arterial system. Total *** l/min | 1.1, 350, 1.45L/min
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| **% of resting CO and **% of total body blood flow | 29% and 33%
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| Liver converts fructose and galactose into | glucose
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| Sucrose is formed by what 2 monosaccarides | Fructose and glucose
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| Lactose is formed by what 2 monosaccarides | glucose and galactose
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| glucose+glucose forms what disaccharide | maltose
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| Type of carbohydrate that is used for nucleic acids and ATP formation | pentose
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| Type carb used for nutrition | hexose
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| Long chains of maltose | glycogen
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| Determinant of liver fx..converts lactic acid into glucose during anaerobic metabolism | Cori Cycle
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| functions of Fat metabolism in the liver | Oxidation of fa to supply energy.Forms lipoproteinsSynthesis of cholesterol and phospholipidsConversion of carbs and protein into fat
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| ~80% of cholesterol is converted into | Bile salts
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| Function of protein metabolism in the liver | Deamination of aa. Formation of urea (ammonia removal)Formation of plasma proteins. Transamination
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| Ammonia comes from | the process of deamination and bacteria in the GI tract
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| Some things the liver excretes | Drugs, metabolites of hormones and other body substances, and Ca++ into the bile and feces
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| vitamins the liver stores | A, D, B12 and iron
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| The liver forms these coag factors | fibrinogen, prothrombin, and V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII (5, 7-13)
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| T/F The liver can synthesize the 8 essential aa | False the liver can synthesize all the non esential aa by using the transaminases
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| fuel for the heart | fatty acids
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| Transamination | interconversion of one aa into another
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| Deamination | amino group is eliminated as uric acid and removed as urea
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| gluconeogenesis | The liver uses fats and proteins to make glucose
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