vocab words for second geo exam
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| viscosity | show 🗑
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| cinder cone | show 🗑
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| show | - broad-domed volcano with gently sloping sides
- resembles a shield on its side
- effusive eruption style (basaltic lava)
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| show | - steep sides
- highly viscous lava (builds up around the vent, forming the steep sides)
- explosive eruption style
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| effusive eruption | show 🗑
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| dike | show 🗑
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| show | - similar to a dike
- concordant intrusive sheet (meaning that it does not cut across pre-existing rock)
- forms parallel to existing rock
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| pluton | show 🗑
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| batholith | show 🗑
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| show | - consists of sets of regularly spaced parallel fractures -- joints -- that intersect in a roughly prismatic pattern
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| physical weathering | show 🗑
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| show | - the idea that weathering is not uniform
- rocks, or parts of rocks, can be exposed to the same environment and experience different weathering
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| carbonic acid | show 🗑
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| dissolution | show 🗑
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| show | - process by which a chemical compound changes due to the addition of oxygen
- rust etc
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| show | - any chemical process in which water breaks one or more chemical bonds
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| show | - a brittle-fracture surface in rocks along which little/no displacement has occurred
- occurs due to tensile stress, such as the stretching of layers
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| exfoliation | show 🗑
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| show | - made up of pieces (clasts) from pre-existing rocks
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| (bio)chemical sedimentary rock | show 🗑
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| show | - rocks composed mostly of minerals produced by evaporation of saline solutions
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| conglomerate | show 🗑
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| breccia | show 🗑
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| show | - a type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar
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| siltstone | show 🗑
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| show | - a soft, brittle, fine-grained, and easily eroded sedimentary rock
- formed from mineral-rich silt, or mud, that was deposited in an aquatic environment, buried by other sediment, and compacted and cemented into hard rock
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| show | - biochemical sedimentary rock
- composed primarily of calcium carbonate (calcite)
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| show | - a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt. This sediment is called alluvium. - - Alluvial fans are usually created as flowing water interacts with mountains, hills, or the steep walls of canyons
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| show | - a type of wetland that forms where rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water (such as an ocean, lake, or another river)
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| show | - form in very fine clay material that has dried out.
- As the moisture is removed, the surface will split into cracks that extend a short way down into the mud.
- These cracks form polygons on the surface of the mud.
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| show | - sedimentary structures indicating agitation by water (either currents or waves) or by wind
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| show | - a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, which results in flooding
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| marine regression | show 🗑
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| foliation | show 🗑
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| show | - a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that is created by the alteration of shale or mudstone by low-grade regional metamorphism
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| show | - course-grained metamorphic rock
- consists of layers of different minerals and can be split into thin, irregular plates
- shiny
- low/middle grade
-shale can be a protolith
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| gneiss | show 🗑
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| show | - a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock
- originally pure quartz sandstone
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| marble | show 🗑
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| metamorphic grade | show 🗑
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| show | - the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes
- things have not changed; the same natural laws/processes we have now applied in geologic history
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| show | - a layer/rock that is below another is the oldest
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| principle of horizontality | show 🗑
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| show | - any inclusion (such as a xenolith) within a rock must be older than the rock itself
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| show | - a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous
- where two layers meet, and there is missing time due to erosion/non-deposition
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| show | - formed when originally horizontal rocks are deformed, uplifted, and eroded
- where layers of rock have been tilted, and now non-tilted/flat rocks form on top of them
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| show | - unconformities that separate igneous or metamorphic rocks from overlying sedimentary rocks
- They indicate that a long period of erosion occurred prior to deposition of the sediments (enough to bring rocks from deep below the earth to the surface)
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| show | - A geologic surface that separates younger strata from older strata and represents a time of nondeposition, possibly combined with erosion
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| principle of baked contacts | show 🗑
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| numeric age dating | show 🗑
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| show | - atoms that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons, or excess energy in their nucleus
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| show | - the more stable form of the parent isotope
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| half-life | show 🗑
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| epicenter | show 🗑
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| show | - the point underground where rocks first break, causing an earthquake
- directly below the epicenter
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| elastic deformation | show 🗑
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| elastic rebound theory | show 🗑
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| body seismic waves | show 🗑
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| show | - waves that only travel along Earth's surface
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| P-wave | show 🗑
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| S-wave | show 🗑
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| show | - the bending of waves as they pass from one material to another
- ex: when waves move from solid outer mantle to liquid inner mantle
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| show | - the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees that, for a given earthquake, that does not receive any direct P waves
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| show | - a fault where the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall
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| reverse fault | show 🗑
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| strike-slip fault | show 🗑
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| anticline | show 🗑
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| syncline | show 🗑
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