topic 5
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| what percentage of water is oceans | oceans take up 97% of total water
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| percentage of fresh water | only 1% of water is fresh water
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| the water cycle system | the water cycle is a closed system meaning no extra water is added or taken away, however drainage basins are a open system
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| hydrology in polar areas | rapid runoff in spring, 85% of sunlight is reflected, permafrost is impermeable, in summer there's an increased co2 being released, orographic and cyclonic rainfall
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| hydrology in tropical rainforests | there's limited infiltration, slow lag time, high discharge, conventical rainfall, deforestation leads to reduced evapotranspiration
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| resistance time | the average amount of time water spends in a reservoir
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| ITCZ | intertropical convergence zone- the band of low pressure between the Hadley cell between the northern and southern hemisphere
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| global atmospheric circulation | there 3 types of cells Hadley which is nearest to the equator, then the feral cell and finally the polar cell
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| drainage basin | the area around a rive which is drained by the river and its tributaries
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| watershed | the area around a drainage basin
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| explain the water cycle | percolation, throughflow, evaporation, transpiration, evaporation
evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, water table, river discharge
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| types of rainfall | orthographic, conventual, cyclonic
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| factors effecting the rainfall | seasonality eg monsoon season, latitude eg low and high pressure
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| fluxes and flows within drainage basins | interception, interception, surface runoff, throughflow, percolation, groundwater flow
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| outputs of a drainage basin | evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration
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| stores of a drainage basin | river channel, soil water, ground water, interception, water table, antecedent conditions and surface storage
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| physical factors affecting a drainage basin | meteorological factors, soil composition, basin size and shape, relief, and vegetation
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| atherogenic factors affecting drainage basin | deforestation, afforestation, dam construction, urbanisation, change in land use
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| river regimes | the changes in the rivers discharge over the course of a year
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| water budget equation | Precipitation = Discharge + Evaporation ± changes in stores
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| define flood hydrograph | it is how a drainage basin responses to rainfall eg lag time and infiltration rates
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