Erosion, Transportation and Deposition by Rivers, the Sea and Glaciers- Keywords
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| Fluvial Erosion | Waterfall
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| Waterfall | When a river flows over a vertical slope
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| Flows over what area? | An area where hard rock lies on top of soft rock
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| Which erodes faster? | Soft rock
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| Why? | Through the fluvial erosional process of hydraulic action
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| Hydraulic action | The power of the river hitting against the rock
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| What is formed? | A vertical drop
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| Where? | Where the hard rock and soft rock met
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| Known as? | A waterfall
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| What forms? | Plunge pool
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| Where? | At the base
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| Due to? | Hydraulic action and abrasion
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| Abrasion | The river's load swirling around in the plunge pool, wearing away at the rock
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| What happens to the rock above the plunge pool? | It is undercut and left hanging over the plunge pool
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| What happens then? | The rock eventually collapses into the plunge pool
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| Due to? | Hydraulic action and abrasion
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| What happens to the process? | It repeats
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| The waterfall does what | Gradually erodes its way upstream
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| Example? | Powerscourt Waterfall, Co. Wicklow, or Torc Waterfall, Co. Kerry
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| Fluvial Deposition | Levee
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| Levee | A build-up of alluvium on the banks of a river
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| Alluvium | Extremely fertile soil material deposited by rivers
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| Feature of? | The old-stage river
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| 1st time | Low flow
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| What happens? | Load is dropped onto the river bed
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| What does this do? | Raises the height of the river bed
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| 2nd time | Flood
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| What happens? | Water flows out more easily over the top of the channel and onto the surrounding land
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| What happens the river on land? | Loses energy, deposits load
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| What is deposited first, closer to the river? | The heavier, coarser material
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| What is deposited further away from the river? | The finer material
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| Where? | Flood plain
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| 3rd time | After many floods
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| What is after happening? | The river builds up a bank on either side
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| What is this called? | A levee
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| Example? | Lower course of River Moy, Co. Mayo
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| Sea Erosion | Sea cave, arch, stack and stump
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| What kind of waves? | Destructive
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| What do they attack | Weaknesses and cracks in the cliff
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| Through what? | Hydraulic action, abrasion and compressed air
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| Hydraulic action | The force of the water hitting off the rock
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| Abrasion | The load of the sea hitting against the rock
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| Compressed air | Air becomes trapped by incoming waves
Puts pressure on the rock
When water retreats, air expands back out and pressure drops suddenly
Repeated, causing rock to weaken and shatter
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| What happens to the cliff? | A cave forms
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| What happens the cave? | It is widened further
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| Through what? | The same erosion processes
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| Until what? | The cave has been widened all the way through the headland
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| What is this called? | An arch
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| What happens then? | The arch is widened until the top of it collapses
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| What is left? | A sea stack
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| What happens the sea stack? | The same coastal erosion processes wear away the stack until it collapses into the sea
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| What is left? | A sea stump
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| Example | The Old Head of Kinsale, Co. Cork
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| Sea transportation | Longshore Drift
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| What materials? | Sand, silt, mud and pebbles
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| What is this known as? | It's load
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| Waves approach shore what way? | From the side
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| Determined by what? | Prevailing wind
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| What is prevailing wind? | The usual wind in an area
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| What is Ireland's prevailing wind? | South westerly
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| What force carries the waves up the shore? | Swash
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| What force carries the waves back down the shore | Backwash
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| At what angle does the swash carry the material back down the shore at? | A right angle
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| What happens then? | The process is repeated
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| In what pattern? | Zig-zag pattern
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| Sea deposition | Beach
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| Beach | A gently-sloping area of sand, shingle or stones that is found between high and low-tide levels
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| Formed by what? | Longshore drift (swash and backwash movements of the waves)
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| What kind of waves? | Constructive
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| What happens to waves as they break? | They lose their energy
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| What happens when this occurs? | The waves drop their load
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| What carries it up the shore? | Swash
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| What does the swash do then? | Deposit it
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| Why is the backwash unable to carry all the material back out? | It is weaker than swash
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| What is deposited first? | Heavier, coarser material
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| What is carried closer to the shoreline by backwash? | Finer material
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| What happens after this is repeated? | The material builds up
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| What is formed? | A beach
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| When are waves stronger? | During times of storms
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| What are they able to do? | Carry material further up the shoreline
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| To where? | The high-tide mark
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| What happens to the material? | It is deposited
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| What is now created | A storm beach
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| Example? | Tramore, Co. Waterford
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| Erosion by moving ice | Plucking and abrasion
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| What occurs when ice goes over the ground? | Friction
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| What is a result of this friction? | Heat
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| What does this do the ice? | The ice at the bottom of the glacier is melted
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| What is this called? | Meltwater
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| Where does the meltwater go? | Into cracks in the rock
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| What happens to the meltwater then? | It freezes when the temperature drops below 0 Degrees Celsius, sticking to the rock
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| What happens when the glacier starts to move again? | The glacier plucks chunks of rock out of the ground, carrying them along with it at the base of the glacier
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| What happens to the plucked rocks? | They become embedded in the base of the glacier
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| What do these rocks do as the glacier moves on? | They abrade the surface over which they pass
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| What does it mean to abrade? | To scrape and smooth
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| Feature of Glacial Erosion | Glaciated valley/U-shaped valley
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| Starts off as what? | V-shaped valley
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| Definition | Originally a V-shaped valley that became straightened and deepened by a glacier filling it, making it look more u-shaped
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| What glacial erosion processes occur? | Plucking and abrasion
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| What is left behind after the glacier passes through? | A glaciated valley
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| What changes are there to the V-shaped valley? | Flat valley floor
Very steep sides
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| Example | Glendalough, Co. Wicklow
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| Glacial Transport | Transporting eroded material
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| On top or sides of glacier | Supraglacial
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| Where has the material usually come from? | From falling down the mountain
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| Inside the ice | Englacial
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| Including material that has what? | Fallen down cracks and into the ice
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| Underneath the glacier | Subglacial
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| What happens to the regolith? | It is dragged along the bottom of the ice
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| Feature of Glacial Deposition | Drumlin
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| Definition | Oval-shaped hills made of deposited boulder clay
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| Boulder clay | Mixture of sand and clay
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| How do glaciers deposit boulder clay | In irregular heaps
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| What does the ice do? | It retreats and then advances again
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| What does it do to the boulder clay? | It shapes and smooths it into rounded-shaped hills
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| From where the ice advanced? | Steep side
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| The direction the glacier was travelling in? | Gentle slope
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| Large number of drumlins | Swarm
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| Example | Clew Bay, Co. Mayo
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| Feature of Glacial Meltwater | Esker
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| When were they formed? | At the end of the ice age
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| What happened at this point of time? | Temperatures began to rise
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| What happened to the glaciers? | They began to melt
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| What flowed out from the melting glaciers? | Glacial meltwater
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| What did the glacial meltwater do? | It deposited material across the land surface
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| What was dropped first? | Heaviest material, such as stones and gravel
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| What was dropped later? | Lighter material, such as sand and silt
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| Definition | A long, winding ridge of sand or gravel
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| Where does the meltwater flow as the ice melts? | In tunnels beneath the ice
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| What happens when it leaves an ice tunnel? | It stops immediately
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| What is deposited? | Material
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| Where? | At the mouth of the tunnel
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| What happens to the ice? | It slowly melts back
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| What is deposited? | The material
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| In what form? | In the form of a long, narrow ridge of sand and gravel
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| Example | Trim Esker, Co. Meath
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