6-16-10 Patho II Blood
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| show | the morphologic class cell size
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| "chromic" refers to | show 🗑
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| show | a person with different size RBCs
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| show | RBCs with different shapes
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| show | decreased # of circulating RBCs or in the quality or amount of Hb
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| What are the causes of anemia? | show 🗑
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| show | Hemocytoblast and proerythroblast
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| What takes place in phase 3 of RBC production? | show 🗑
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| show | Hemocytoblast
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| show | Ribosome synthesis
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| show | Proerythroblast
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| show | Hemoglobin accumulation
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| How wide is an average RBC | show 🗑
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| How thick is an average RBC | show 🗑
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| When does hypoxemia present asymptomatic | show 🗑
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| How does one compensate for anemia | show 🗑
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| What does anemia do to the heart | show 🗑
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| show | Dyspnea, tachycardia, dizziness and fatigue at rest
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| show | Peripheral vasoconstriction, increase Na H2O retention, decreased urine output
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| Icterus | show 🗑
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| show | myelin degeneration of the nervous system in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves
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| show | paresthesia, extreme weakness, gait disturbances, spasticity and reflex abnormalities, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorrexia, and low grade fever
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| show | palliation of symptoms and correction of underlying cause - blood transfusions, dietary corrections, and admin of vitamins or iron
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| show | defective DNA synthesis
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| show | def. of vit B12 or folate acid
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| show | Macrocytes
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| pernicious anemia is caused by | show 🗑
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| Chronic atrophic gastritis can be caused by (3 things) | show 🗑
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| 5 vague symptoms of pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| show | less than 8 g/dl
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| show | demylination of the lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord
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| Symptoms that appear when Hb is less than 8g/dl (8 of them) | show 🗑
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| Hepato-splenomegaly is diagnosed by (4 things) | show 🗑
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| show | measures the urine excretion of administered radioactive cobalamin
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| show | low urinary excretion of cobalamin
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| show | It is the secondary confirmation test of the diagnosis of pernicious anemia
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| show | Death
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| What prevents death in pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| show | thymine, adenine, and guanine
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| The daily requir.of folic acid | show 🗑
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| show | Alcoholism, chronic malnourished, and diets low in vegetables
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| show | Stomatitis (painful ulcerations of the buccal mucosa and tongue), dysphagia, flatulence, and liquid diarrhea
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| What manifestation is usually not present in folate anemia that is in pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Folate daily - 1 mg normally, 5 mg alcoholics
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| show | Pernicious anemia and folate anemia
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| show | Iron def. anemia, porphyrin and Hb synthesis disorders, and globin synthesis disorder
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| show | Iron def. anemia
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| show | parasitic infestations, decreased ingestion of Fe (malnutrition), pregnancy, chronic blood loss
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| The mls of daily blood loss that can cause anemia | show 🗑
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| The three characteristic stages of the development of iron def. anemia | show 🗑
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| show | fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pale skin and mucose membranes, koilonychia nails, glossitis, gastritis, headache, irritability, neuromuscular changes
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| Two lab tests to evaluate Fe anemia | show 🗑
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| The most conclusive diagnosis of Fe anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Aplastic anemia, posthemorrhage anemia, hemolytic anemia, anemia of chronic inflammation, sickle cell anemia
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| Aplastic anemia results from (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | where all the series are effected
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| show | Aplastic anemias are either hereditary (fanconi anemia - defect in DNA repair)or acquired which may be further classified as primary (idiopathic 50% of cases with 80% over 50 yrs of age) or secondary (by chemical agents and ionizing radiation)
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| show | Pure red cell aplasia, it effects the red series only
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| True / false: PRCA is very common when eating raw chicken on OBT | show 🗑
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| show | Blood transfusions and bone marrow transplant (or pharmacological stimulation of the marrow function)
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| What "ectomy" might take place with aplastic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Cogentital hemolytic anemia (or Acholuric jaundice)
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| show | An unknown abnormality of protein in thje RBC membrane that causes increased Na permeability leading to increase ATP consumption and premature death r/t overworked (as well as abnormal RBC shape - spherocyte)
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| What happens to a spherocyte when it circulates through the spleen | show 🗑
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| show | neonatal period or early infancy
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| Tx of cogenital hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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| What "megaly" is almost always present after infancy (r/t cogenital hemolytic anemia) | show 🗑
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| What % of splenectomies occur with cogenital hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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| What is the most serious complication during childhood with cogenital hemolitic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | None
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| show | Splenectomy (done after 5 yrs of age)
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| Thing to be evaluated to diagnose cogenital hemolitic anemia (4 things) | show 🗑
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| Sickle cell anemia is chacaterized by the presents of | show 🗑
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| Hb S results from glutamic acid being replaced by | show 🗑
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| Hb S reacts when subjected to (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | False, cresent and stiff
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| Sickled cells do what to microcirculation and thereby cause what 3 things | show 🗑
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| T/F: Sickle cells under go hemolysis and sequestration in the liver | show 🗑
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| show | Erythropoiesis - the production of RBC related to decreased O2 delivery to kidneys which secrete erythropoietin
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| Name 4 types of anemic crises | show 🗑
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| Vasoocclussive (thrombotic) crisis | show 🗑
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| show | crisis results from RBC with a shorter survival (10-20 days)and a compromised compensatory responce
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| show | crisis in both the spleen and liver
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| Hyperhemolitic crisis | show 🗑
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| show | Infection (meningitis and general sepsis)
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| show | Sickle cell solubility test
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| What test reveals the amount of Hb S in the RBC | show 🗑
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| How can prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell be made | show 🗑
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| show | Prevention (prevent consequences and crisis)
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| 5 triggers of sickle cell crisis | show 🗑
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| Tx for sickle cell (5 of them) | show 🗑
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| show | 25%
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| show | Impaired rate of synthesis of one of the alpha or beta chains
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| show | Alpha Thalassemia or Beta Thalassemia and then either Minor or Major
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| show | weak, failure to thrive, show poor development, and are cardiac compromised
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| An untreated child with thalassemia will die at what age | show 🗑
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| Diagnosis of thalassemia is based on (4 things) | show 🗑
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| show | blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy (experimental), spenectomy, and neocyte transfusion (experimental)
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| show | excessive production of RBC
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| show | The Relative Type (actual absolute RBCs numbers are normal as well as bone marrow function)
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| The Absolute Type of Polycythemia is further classified as | show 🗑
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| The other name for Absolute Primary Polycythemia | show 🗑
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| Polycythemia cause what to the blood volume and viscosity | show 🗑
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| Clinical S/S of polycythemia (12 of them) | show 🗑
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| How is abosulte polycythemia diagnosed | show 🗑
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| What is the Tx for Absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
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| Absolute secondary polycythemia is usually caused by | show 🗑
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| Excessive white blood cells is called | show 🗑
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| show | Leukopenia
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| T/F: leukocytosis and leukopenia usually involve more than one type of WBC in the same individual? | show 🗑
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| The physiological causes for leukocytosis are (10 of them) | show 🗑
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| The pathological causes for leukocytosis include (2 of them) | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation, anaphylactic shock, SLE, and some chemotherapeutical agents
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| WBC count less than ? are at risk for infection | show 🗑
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| WBC count less than ? are at risk for life threatening infection | show 🗑
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| show | Infection or myeloprolifrative disorders
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| A decrease in Granulocytes and Monocytes can be from (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophilia (which is present in the early stages of infection = above 7500/ul)
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| show | Thrombus due to increase in viscosity
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| An increase in the release of immature WBC is called a | show 🗑
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| Neutropenia is a count less than ? and is seen in ? | show 🗑
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| Causes for decreased neutrophil production (3 things) | show 🗑
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| Decreased neutrophil life span is related to | show 🗑
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| show | Hypersplenism, starvation, and anorexia nervosa
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| Eosinophilia usually occurs in ? and give 6 examples | show 🗑
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| Eosinopenia is caused by | show 🗑
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| show | Cushing syndrome, surgery, shock, trauma, burns, or mental distress
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| Basophilia is very rare but may be seen in | show 🗑
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| show | Hyperthyroidism, acute infections, and long-term steroid therapy
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| show | in the late recovery stages of bacterial infections (when phagocytosis is needed)along with leukopenia, also seen during chronic infections like TB and SBE
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| show | Hairy cell leukemia and prednisone therapy
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| Lymphocytosis is typical of what type of infection | show 🗑
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| Lymphocytopenia is associated with ? (5 things) and is very serious problem in cases with? | show 🗑
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| Leukemia is | show 🗑
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| show | Acute or chronic and as Myeloid or Lymphoid
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| show | Undifferenitiated or immature cell (usually a blast cell)with rapid onset and short survival time
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| In Chronic leukemias the predominant cell is | show 🗑
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| Clinical manifestations of acute leukemia are | show 🗑
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| Diagnosis of leukemia is done by | show 🗑
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| show | Chemotherapy (tx of choice), bone marrow transplant, supportive care, immunotherapy agents
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| Treatment for chronic leukemia includes | show 🗑
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| Multiple myeloma is what type of cancer | show 🗑
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| Multiple myeloma cells produce large amount of | show 🗑
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| show | infiltration and destruction of organs (particularly bones)
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| Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma is made by | show 🗑
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| Treatment of multiple myeloma includes (4 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Lymphocytes and histiocytes (and their precursors and derivatives)
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| Malignant Lymphomas are found in what tissue | show 🗑
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| show | Lymphoid leukemia (B cell origin), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T cell origin), and Hodgkin disease
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| show | the Reed-Sternburge cells, lymphadenopathy, enlarged lymph nodes in different locations, fever, night sweats, and wt loss
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| show | simple CXR, lymphangiography, and biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes
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| show | Radiotherapy and chemotherapy with important success
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| What is different in the clinical findings between Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin diseases | show 🗑
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| show | None
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